Appendix:Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions

Proto-Pano-Takanan reconstructions:

Girard (1971)

No.	Proto-Pano-Takanan	Proto-Panoan	Proto-Panoan notes	Proto-Panoan gloss	Proto-Takanan	Proto-Takanan gloss	Proto-Takanan notes
1	**ʔa-, **-(w)a	*ʔa		do, make	*a-	do, make
1a					*-a	trans. suffix
2	**ʔaNi	*ʔani		big	*ari	big
3	**ʔaṣa	*ʔṣ̌a		barbasco	*ac̣a	barbasco
3a		*ʔaṣ̌a-n-		to fish with barbasco
4	**ʔawada	*ʔawara		tapir	*awada	tapir
5	**ʔawen	*awini		wife	*wane	wife, woman	from *awane??
5a		*ʔawi̧-bo		woman
6	**ʔija	(*ʔica)		porcupine	*ija	porcupine
7	**ʔiji/ɨ-	*ʔici-sa		hot	*ije-	alive, warm
7a					*ije-ti	sun
8	**ʔina	*ʔina		dog, jaguar	*ina¹	tail, feather, hair
9	**ina-n-	*ʔina̧-		to give	*ina²	to grasp, take
10	**ʔidu-	(*ʔiru...)	Cn iruma 'cagar-se', irumapa 'pobre, abandonado, feio, congraçado'		*idu-		Kav. ido- 'suffer'
11	**ʔɨ	*ʔɨ		I	*ei-	I
12	**ʔɨgʷa	*ʔɨwa		mother	*e-kʷa-	mother
13	**ʔɨwa	*ʔɨwa		big, abundant	*ewa	to swell, enlarge (as a river)
13a					*ña-ewa	dog (= big-tail?)
14	**ʔu-	(*ʔo-)	Csh ʔukɨ 'other side (of river)', ʔura 'far', ʔura̻ 'long time', ʔuri 'there', Cn ukɨ 'over there'		*u-	demonstrative
15	**ʔuku-, **ʔutu	*ʔoko-		to cough	*utu	cough
16	**badi	*βari		sun, day, spring	*badi	moon, month
17	**bak..., **bakɨ-a (?), **bakɨ-wa (?)	*βakɨ		child	*bakwa	child
18	**bana-	*βana-		to plant	*bana-	to plant
19	**ba...	*βaiCV		current, rise in river	*bai	lake
20	**beta	*βata		sweet	*bita	sweet
21	**bi-	*βi-		to get, receive	*biu-	to put
22	**biči	*βiči		skin	*biti	skin
23	**bina, **biNa	βina		wasp, bee	*bina	bat (mammal)
23a					*bira	wasp
24	**bɨ, *bɨta	*βɨ-		to bring (along)	*be-	to bring
24a		*-bɨta̧;		along with	*beta	two
24b		*ra-βita		two	*beta-	to accompany, go along with
25	**bɨ, **bu	*βɨ	etc.	face, forehead	*bu-	face, head, in front of	etc.
25a		*βɨšpi		eyebrow, eyelash
25b		*βiro		eye
25c		*bɨma̧na̧		face, forehead
26	**bu-tɨ-	*βu	Cn botɨ 'to make something go down'	down (verbal suffix)	*bu-, bute-	to descend, go down
26a					*-bu	down (verbal suffix)
27	**buna	*βona; βo̧pa		ant, beebeetle	*buna	ant (tucandera)
27a		(ː*βona-pa?)		wasp
28	**-cizi	*mɨ̧-cis(t)i		fingernail	*-tiji	nail
28a		*o̧-cisi		toenail
29	**ča- (?)	*ča-		to wet	*ca²-	wet
30	**či(ʔi), **čizɨ	*čiʔi		fire	*ti-	fire
30a		*čiʔimapo		ashes	*tije	charcoal
30b		*(c)istɨ		charcoal, firebrand	timu	ashes
31	**či-, **čiPu-n	*čipo̧		large end, downriver	*ti-	large end
31a		*či-bi-		steer canoe from the stern	*tibu	trunk, stern of a canoe
32	**čia-n-	(*čia-)	Csh čiạ́ go over/across		*ti-a-	to give, go accross
33	**čiri-n-	(*čiri̻)	Csh čiri̧ hop, Cn tiri̧- jump, kindof dance		*tiři-	dance, drum
34	**čuNu	(*čono)	Csh čunu swallow, Cn čunu andorinha (bird sp)		*čuru (?)		found only in Kav. čuru swallow
35	**čuta	(*čuta)	Cn čuta fornicate		*čuta- (?)		found only in Tak. čuta- fornicate, copulate
36	**...	*cu-, čo-	Csh cukuka- suck, cucuka- nurse, Cn čočoa nurse		*...?		Tak. čuču nurse, Kav. soso nurse, suck
37	**da-n-	*ra̧-	etc.	knee, ankle	*da²-	leg, knee, stick
38	**did...	*riro/i		monkey sp.	*di...		Tak. dídia, Kav. dide, Ese. dixidixi mono norcutno
39	**dɨwɨ	*rɨwɨ		flute	*dewe		found only in Ese. dewe flute
40	**du¹-	(*ro-)	Cn. doro pound, Csh ruɨ stone in form of an axe		*dudu-	pound, grind, tap
41	**du²-	*rono	cf. Csh runi̧ anaconda	snake (generic)	*du3'-		Tak. du cascabel (rattlesnake sp.), duniduni- to slither
42	**duʔu	*roʔo	cf. also Csh rukaruka tocón (small monkey), Cn doka, dokawa̧ macaco parduacú	howler monkey	*duʔu	howler monkey
42a					*duk(w)a-duk(w)a	lucashi (monkey sp.)
43	**-gʷɨ	*-wɨ		imperative suffix	*-kʷe	imperative suffix
44	**-gʷɨ-n	(*wɨ̧)		pronominal possessive suffix (probably for all three persons singolar)	*-kʷe	prenominal possessive affix (apparently used for only 1st and 2nd persons)
45	**ha-	*aa		3rd person pronoun, sg.	*a-	stem of general interrogative pronouns	cf. pP *awɨ/a what?
45a		*ati...		all
45b		*ato		3rd person pronoun, pl.
45c		*awɨ̧		his, hers, its
46	**hana	*ana		tongue	*ana	tongue
46a		*ana̧		vomit
46b		*a̧ṣ̌aβa(ka)		to open mouth wide
47	**hegʷi	*iwi		tree	akwi	tree
48	**hemi	*imi		blood	*ʔami	blood
49	**huẓu	*oṣ̌o		white	*...,		found only in Ese. kea-oše white, War. kia-ušo-ne (very) white, ošo-ama not white. The Čamik forms, if not loans from the Panoan, would appear to come from a pT. *uze/u
50	**hua-, **wa- (?)	*o̧-cɨsi	cf. *mɨ̧-cisi fingernail	toenail	*wa-	foot
50a					*wa-tiji	(toe?)nail
51	**kama-kama	*ka̧kama		pineapple	*kaka	fruit
52	**kaNa	*kana		macaw	*kara	macaw
53	**ka...	*-kas, -kaci		desiderative suffix	*-ka	desiderative suffix
54	**keni	*kini		hole	*kani	hole
55	**kuku/a	*koka		maternal uncle	*kuku	uncle	and in Tak. specifically mother's brother
55a		*koko		nephew
56	**kuru	*koro		ashy color, gray, mouldy	*kuřu	mature, white-haired, ripe
57	**kuṣu	*koṣ̌o		wild turkey sp.	*kucu	wild turkey sp.
58	**kʷa	*kʷa-		to go	*kʷa-	to go
59	**kʷɨ, **kɨ	*kʷɨbiči		lip, mouth	*kʷe-	beard	etc.
59a		*kʷɨna		to call (to come)	*kʷaca	mouth
59b		*kʷɨni		beard
59c		*kʷɨṣ̌aCV		mouth
59d		*kʷɨšni		beard
59e		*kʷiɨ̧		to praise, desire
59f		*kɨyo-		to bite
59g		koi		chin, jaw
60	**kʷɨNu	*kʷɨno		sharpen (a point), sharp edge	*kʷeru	sharp
61	**~(...a)ma	*-(ya)ma		negative suffix (verbal)	*-(a)ma	negative suffix (verbal and nominal)
62	**ma..., **maʔči	*maʔči		hill, crown of head	*mata	summit, mountain, top of head
62a		*mana̻		up, hill	*matina	summit, point
62b		*mapɨ		to go up an incline
62c		*maṣ̌kača		head, peak
62d		ma-		head (instrumental prefix)
63	**mai-	*mai		earth	*me¹-, *meʔi, *meji, mec̻i	earth, sand	etc.
63a		*mai̧		by land
63b		*mai̧-, *maiwa		to bury
63c		*maṣ̌i	Shell's *masṣ̌ɨ	sand
64	**makɨ	*makɨ		piranha	*make	piranha
65	**ma-, **manu-	*manu-		to forget	*ma-	to die
65a		*mawa		to die	*manu-	to die
66	**manVkanV	*ma̻kaNV		stone, chopper, pestle	*a-maka	mortar, chopper, grinder	also cf. Kav. makana mortar, mill stone
67	**maṣɨ	*maṣ̌ɨ		achiote	*mac̣e	achiote
68	**ma...	*...	Csh masá muy feo, Atsawaka mastara bad		*maza-da	bad
69	**mi-	*mi- (?)		story, tell a story	*mimi-	speak, tell
70	**mɨ-	*mɨ-		hand (instrumental prefix)	*me²-	hand
70a		*mɨ́ʔi		touch with hand	*me-tiji	fingernail	etc.
70b		*mɨ̧-cis(t)ɨ		fingernail
70c		*mi-kinɨ		hand
70d		*mɨ-toti		index finger
70e		*mɨ-bi		branch, hand
70f		*mɨ-ṣ̌o-		creep on hands and knees
71	**(-)mɨta	*yamɨCV (ː*yamɨta)		night	*meta	night
71a		*ya̧ta̧ (ː*yamɨta-n)		night
72	**mi	*mi		thou	*mi	thou
73	**mur...	moro		to dry	*muři	to dry
74	**Mɨ-	*mɨʔča		to get wet, be wet	*beca	to swim
75	**na-	*naši-		bathe	*na-	water, plus many compounds
76	**ni-	*ni-		stand, go	*a-ni-	to be
76a					*ni-tia-	leave
76b					(?) *neti-	to stand (upright)
77	**nu(ɨ́)	*noɨ/a		delicious, savory (of fruit, nuts, etc.)	*nui	delicious, as fruit
78	**Nami	*nami		flesh, meat	*rami	meat
79	**Nɨ-	(*nɨ́-)	Csh nɨri there; ɨɨ-nɨ this; Cn nɨkɨ thither, nɨnu here		*rei-	demonstrative
80	**Ṇu-, *Ṇubi-	(*nu-)	Cn nubi- put in, nu- verbal prefix with general meaning "in", nua deep		*du²-	deep, within
80a					*dubi-	to put in
80b					*nubi-	to enter
81	**-pa	*-pa		augmentative suffix, generally with a reference to animals as opposed to human body parts, and probably no longer productive	*-pa	general augmentative suffix; apparently productive
82	**paṣ...	*paṣ̌a		raw, green	*pace	bitter
83	**piza	*pisa		toucan	*pica, *pija	toucan	Some sources gloss this word as "pinsha, bird sp." and the word may therefore be a loan into Pano-Takanan, which may account for its slight irregularity in Takanan.
84	**pi...	*pia		arrow	*pisa	arrow	The Takanan form has some peculiaritiesː Kav. has piya and not the expecter piha.
85	**pupu	(*popo)	Csh pupu	owl	*(pupu)	owl	Kav. popo owl
86	**p...	*pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌awa?)	Csh pɨ̧pɨ̧ṣ̌oo butterfly; cf.	butterfly	*sapipi, *sababa, *sapuřa	butterfly
87	**Pɨya...(?)	*poyami	but cf. Csh pɨñá̧	arm	*ba³-, *bai	arm
87a					*be³-	arm, shoulder
88	**Pui/ɨ	*poi		sibling of opposite sex	*bu⁴-, *bui/e	son/daughter of mother's sister
89	**ri..., **ris...	*risi(st)i		thread	*řibi	a snare made of ropes
89a		*risβiči		rope, thong	*řisi	to tie
89b					*řiře	to snare
90	**ṣa-, **ṣama	(*ṣ̌a-, ṣ̌ama-)	Csh ṣ̌ama umbilical cord		*c̣a¹-	many compounds with reference to strikinglike object
90a		ṣ̌apo-poko		tripa	*c̣ama	intestines
91	**ṣaNu-	(*ṣ̌anoo̧-)	Csh š̠anu̧- be covered with feathers		*c̣aru-	hair, feathers	probably related to item 90 above
92	**ṣapu	*šapo		mapajo, algodón silvestre (a tree sp. with natural wool)	*c̣apu	mapajo	Doubless related to items 90 and 91 above.
93	**ṣau	*ṣ̌ao		bone	*c̣au	bone
94	**ṣinV	(*ṣ̌ina)	Ch šina during the night (e.g., pi-bo-na-šina-ka-ʔita-kɨ Yesterday on the way here at night they ate. Cn šina̧, ši̧ soon, another day, during a day/night		*c̣ine/a	night, afternoon
95	**ṣɨu	*ṣ̌io	Shell's *[š]io	marihuí (gnat sp.)	*çɨu	marihuí
96	**ṣi-, **ṣɨ-wɨ	*ṣ̌ɨ-ta		tooth	*c̣e	tooth
96a		*ṣ̌ɨ-wɨ		fishhook	*c̣ewe	hook
97	**sɨkʷɨ	*ṣ̌ɨkʷɨ		doorway	*c̣ekʷe	door, way
98	**ṣ̌ɨna	*ṣ̌ɨna		worm	*c̣ena	worm
99	**ṣɨNi	*šɨni		fat, grease	*c̣eri	fat
100	**ṣu (<**şau)	*-ṣ̌o	as second member of a compound	bone	*-c̣u	bone	as second member of a compound, cf. pT *ba(i)-cu elbow
101	**ṣuk(ʷ)ɨ	*ṣ̌okɨ		toucan	*cukʷe	toucan
102	**šipi	*bɨšpi (<*bɨ+šipi?)		eyebrow, -lash	*...?		Kav. šipi eyelid. Highly problematicalǃ
103	**ta-	*taʔɨ		foot	*ta-	foot, leg
104	**takʷa	*takʷa		liver	*takʷa	liver
105	**tamu	*tamo		cheek	(*tamu)		found only in Kav. tamo cheek
106	**tara-n-	*tará̧-		to roll, make something go round	*tařa	ring, corral, around
107	*taru-n-	(*taro̧-)	Csh tarú̧-ka- to make something move, Cn taru̧- to agitate, tremble		*tařu	oar, to row, beat
108	**tawa	*tawa		cane, bamboo, arrow	*ta(wa)	cane
109	**tɨ(ʔ)k⁽ʷ⁾V	*tɨʔk(ɨ)	Csh tɨɨ́ka- to grasp, seize (tr.)		*tekʷa-	to beat, kill, hunt
109a		*tɨɨ́ki-	Cn tɨka- to wound, Ch tɨkɨ́- to break	to grasp, seize (intr.)
109b		tɨka-		to break something (tr.)
110	**tu¹-	(*tu-)	Cn tua there, that		*tu¹-	general 3rd person (sg. and pl.) pronoun
110a		tori		thereto
111	**tu²-	(*tu-)	Cn to conceive, make pregnant		*tu²	round, bent, and many compoundds which have reference to that particular shape
111a		tuku		to swell
111b		turu		round, circular
112	**tu-, **tu-bu	(*tu-)	Csh tubu- undo, cut up		*tubu-	to cut, shorten
112a		tuca-		cut, slice, wound
112b		tucapa-		disunite and make fall
113	**yuṣi	*yoṣ̌i-ni		demon, spirit	*duci	spirit	etc.
114	**ẓɨNi, **ẓiNi	*ṣ̌ɨni	but cf. Ch siri old	old	*ziri	old
115	**ẓ...	*ṣ̌oo		green, not ripe	*zawa	green, unripe	but cf. pT *sawa yellow, ripe
116	**žikɨ, **žɨki	*ṣ̌ɨki	but cf. Csh šiki cornrob	corn	*jike	corn	Both of these forms may, however, be ancient Arawak loans.