Appendix:Proto-Yukian reconstructions

Proto-Yukian reconstructions:

Yukian (1985)

Gloss	Proto-Yukian
specific; nominal suffix	*-a
locative	*-ap
animate suffix on substantives	*-aʔ
imperative mode	*-aʔ
comitative-instrumental ("with, by")	*-aʔ
redbud	*čahay
give	*čan
fern, brake	*čaples
thrasher	*činčol’
squeeze	*čip
cocoon rattle	*čippot
lizard, scaly	*čisam
robin	*čitit
iris	*čiwiš, *čiwaš
hummingbird; butterfly	*čiyi
kingfisher	*čučuk(a)
whip	*č’ak
wash things	*č’ak’
eel; sinew	*č’ak’am
white	*č’al
guts	*č’aw
jay	*č’əʔəy
whirl	*č’il
bird	*č’imit’
star	*(mam)č’ipas
warm	*č’ok’il’
fly (N)	*č’op(a/i)
mosquito	*č’op č’ala
narrow	*č’oy
clean	*č’uč
pine needles	*č’uh
snail	*č’uhtalam
fall	*č’uk’
mush basket	*č’ulil’
baby (toddler)	*č’unč’ič’
leak	*č’uy
locative	*-əp
durative aspect	*-h
little ones; children	*halč’(aʔ)
top; end	*hal’
want	*ham
hungry, be	*hamlot’
morning star	*hamol’
behind; back	*hamp
rain (N)	*hamuč’im
house	*han
but	*han
tomorrow; morning	*haw
net bag	*hay
carry in arms or hands	*haʔ
forget; lose	*haʔam
bring	*haʔm
egg	*hə
perception?	*hə-
camp	*həč
strong	*həč’am
under	*həhin
arm	*həhs
split	*hək
step over	*hək’
hear	*həl
puberty ceremony for girls	*həmnəmwok
sing; song	*həmp
house	*hən
crow (N)	*hənčam
heavy	*hənət’
sweathouse	*hənpin
nose	*həntil
snot	*hənt’ut’
rib(s)	*həpot’
clam shell beads	*həs
doctor, to	*həʈam, *həʈmV
hear, not to	*hətəw(i)l
potato sp.	*həʈ’
fish; salmon	*həw
like	*həw
eat; food	*həway
cook	*həway yuʔ
yes	*həw’
look for; hunt (for)	*həy
think	*həy-
how	*həyma
rub	*həʔ
dog	*həʔwəšit’
now	*həʔyi
wear	*hih(l)
seed	*hil
all	*hil(i)
animals	*hiliki, *lilik
move	*him
antler(s); horn(s)	*hin(i)
thimbleberry	*hipila
slip	*hiš
race	*hiwil
liver	*ho
big	*hohʈ(am)
little; bad	*hokoč
burden net	*hom
thin; light	*hop’
paddle for mush	*hotp’uč’
acorn mush or soup	*hot’
many; lots	*hoʈ
face, of the (prefix)	*hu-
cheek	*hu-
perception?	*hu-
outside	*huč
Huchnom	*hučnom’
sharp-pointed	*huč’ohs
bread	*huhtil’
eye	*hul
ghost	*hulk’ilal
coyote	*hulk’oy’
bead-drill	*hulmol’
face	*hulyoʔ
spider	*hulmuni-
sling	*hum-
straight	*humas
forehead	*hunč
bullsnake	*hunk’an’
love	*huš
sweet	*huši
together	*huʈ’ot
middle	*huy
breast, female; milk	*huy
cook	*huy-
possessive suffix (alienable)	*-iht
declarative mode	*-ik
declarative mode	*-iki
reflexive-mediopassive-reciprocal	*-il
move in order to	*-in
continuative-iterative	*-is
continuative-iterative	*-iš
effective	*-it
momentaneous aspect	*-k
declarative mode	*-k
bad	*kač’am
come in	*kahp
this (locative): here	*kak’i
rose, wild	*kala/i
this (locative): right over here	*kam’
swell	*kan
flat	*kat
this (locative): here	*kaʈaʔ
this (locative): up here	*kay’
this (locative): here	*kaw
this (agent)	*kaʔ
this (patient)	*kaʔəh
this (possessive)	*kaʔəht
today	*kaʔinay’
rise	*kək
soaproot	*kəlam
flower	*kəwam
long	*kəy, *kəyih
acorn of valley oak	*kəyam
leave	*ki
declarative mode	*-ki
flint	*kičalil
feathers	*kihs
fly (V)	*kik
momentaneous aspect + mediopassive	*-kil
placename	*kilikot/l
enough	*kimas
that (locative): over there	*kim’
stink; smell	*kin
back (returning)	*kipəw
that (locative): there; on that	*kiʈa
that (locative?)	*kiw
arrow	*kiw
ask	*kiw(is)-
elder	*kiwi
that (agent)	*kiʔ
follow	*kiʔ(-t)
that (patient)	*kiʔəh
that (possessive)	*kiʔəht
lungs	*koč’
animal name ending	*kol’
dry	*kon
feather	*kop
point	*koy
gopher	*koyaʔ
go	*koʔ
come (under GO)	*koʔm
manzanita	*kuč’
meadowlark	*kuč’mol’
start	*kuht
heel	*(mi)kuht
mortar	*kuhtam, *kuhtim
root	*kuhtkin
north	*kuhtk’i
twig	*kukis
down	*kuk’i
salt	*kum
kelp	*kummol’
Salt People	*kumnom’(i)
point (V)	*kup
body hair	*kuš
few	*kušw-
up	*kuy
whirl	*k’al
blackberries	*k’alimam
panther	*k’amol’
wet	*k’at’
light	*k’aw
mushroom	*k’ay’
lean	*k’əh
talk	*k’əhin
tail	*k’əhs(il)
knee	*k’ənk’
talk	*k’əy(mil)
locative	*-k’i
still (calm; quiet)	*k’ih
marrow	*k’ihlul
belly	*k’ihp
pregnant	*k’ihp hohʈ
bone	*k’iht
bone whistle (under WHISTLE)	*k’iht pimol’
itch	*k’ik’
coals	*k’il
daughter or son	*k’il
toward; against	*-k’il
dry up	*k’im
cry	*k’in
swim	*k’iskil
crooked	*k’iy
die	*k’ol
pounding basket; mortar	*k’ol
wash the body	*-k’ol
pestle	*k’olam
backbone	*k’olki
apron; dress	*k’olkuht
different; other	*k’ol’
noise	*k’om
put in pliable things	*k’oʔ
Athapaskan	*k’oʔol
stretch	*k’uč
navel	*k’uč’
claws; nails	*k’uhs
rest	*k’us’noh
stretch	*k’uʔ
perfective aspect	*-l
grasshopper	*lač’am
break	*lahʈ
goose	*lak
leave	*lak’
lake	*lal
doctor; shaman	*lamšim
brother, younger	*lan’
moon	*lašk’awol’
potato sp.	*lat
lawi, cooking basket	*lawa
crack	*ləč
acorn	*ləl
step; animal to move	*ləl
tarweed (seed)	*lihp
throat	*lik’am
rock	*lil
rock carrier	*lil haʔ-
animals	*lilik, *hiliki
knife	*lilkus
seaweed	*lil pal
knife	*lilpan
resultative/patient progressive ("getting")	*lim
hurry	*lis
do	*lit
kill	*liʔ, *liʔik
bow	*liʔwəht
cough	*loh
slow	*loʈ
chop; chip	*luh
punch down	*luk
fat; grease	*lul
smooth	*lulam
imperfective aspect	*-m
motion toward the speaker	*-m
hemp, Indian	*mah
elbow	*mahalam
Round Valley	*mahʔuk’am
wake up	*mak’-
penis	*mal
acorn or black oak; berry; nut; seed	*mam
star	*(mam)č’ipas
they	*mas(i)
distributive suffix	*-mas
dove	*mayu (?)
new	*məh(il’)
owl, great horned	*məhk’uʈ(aʔ)
creek	*məl
trout sps.	*məlhəm’, *məlwis
fight	*məm
shoot	*mət
creek	*mət’
forked	*məʈ
who; someone	*məy’
toe	*mi
we (inclusive agent)	*mi
thumb	*mi(pat’) hohʈ
be	*mih
road	*mihš
your (singular alienable)	*miht(aʔ)
sky; up	*mihʈ
heel	*(mi)kuht
around	*mik’al’
deer	*mil
meat	*mil
woodpecker, hairy	*mil-
imperfective aspect + mediopassive	*-mil
ambulative aspect ("be on the way to ..., be going to ...")	*-mil
elk	*milatihtam
oak, white	*mili
used to (aspect)	*-mil’
lie (falsehood)	*minsil’
foot	*mipan
hand	*mipat’
palm of hand	*mipat’-hət’
thumb	*mi(pat’) hohʈ
you (patient); your (inalienable)	*mis
fingers	*misəw
mother, your (singular)	*misk’an’
drink	*miʔ
you (singular agent)	*miʔ
leg	*miʔil’
acorn of white oak	*mohšam
grassgame	*mol
three	*molmaʔ, *molmi
twins?	*molsam
agentive-instrumental	*-mol’
hide	*mon
gather	*mop
you (plural agent)	*mos’
your (plural)	*mos’iyaht
press together	*mot-
flicker (yellowhammer)	*moymol’
mountain	*muhmol’
laugh	*muhš
many; lots of	*mun
sister?	*mun’
woman	*mus(p)
anise, sweet	*musin
chief, female	*musp ʈiʔol’
worm; maggot	*muy’
demonstrative locative suffix	*-m’
move in order to	*-n
head	*nan
dam	*nan
saliva	*nanuk’
woodrat	*nawč-
sucker	*nawt’uk’
yellowjacket	*naw’
pull	*nay
girl	*nayp
mountain filaree	*nay’
forget; lose	*naʔam
mouth, of the	*nə-
fir	*nəh
jaw	*nəhək
forget; not to know	*nəhəm
know	*nəhənak
mouth	*nəhin
dark; night	*nəhk
freeze; ice	*nəhʈ
tree sp.	*nəhʈ
gray squirrel	*nəhʈam
beard	*nəhukuš
teach	*hək’oh
lie; lay (singular)	*nəm
tongue	*nəmlat
bed	*nəmmol’
head	*nən
taste	*nətam
peppery	*nət’əwiš
chin	*nəʈ’am’
see	*nəw
poke	*nəʔ
breech cloth	*nəʔa
hole	*nih
door	*nihin
marry	*nok (?)
Pomo	*nokonmi
mussel	*nok’
fight	*noloh
people of	*-nom’(aʔ)
mark	*noy
live	*noʔ
sand	*nuč’
sand	*nuʔ
singular suffix	*-p
leaf; wing	*pal
condor, California	*pal
butterfly	*pal-, *palpol (?)
maple	*palkənši
hang	*pan
flat	*pat’
hips (?)	*paʈ’-
get up	*paʔ
volitional mode	*-paʔ
tattoo	*pəčas
cover (N)	*pəhk
shout	*pək’
one	*pək’
dig	*pəl
wedge	*pəmol’
tarweed	*pəšil’
abalone	*pət’am
madrone	*pəyk’i
rattlesnake	*pəy’
whistle	*pi
whistle	*pihil’
snow; hail	*pil
sun	*pilaht(i)
sunrise	*pilaht puh-
sunset	*pilaht ʔili-
woodpecker, pileated	*piltəsi-
summer	*piltwan
lie; lay (plural)	*pin’
mouse, meadow or water	*pip
from; away from	*-pis
tracks	*piʔ
kidney	*pohoʈ’
digger pine	*pokam
pepperwood; California laurel	*pok’am (*ʔol)
poke; hammer; crack by hitting	*pop
gray; brown	*pot’
barn swallow	*pot’a, *pot’aʔ (?)
ashes; dust	*pot’il
one	*powi(k)
eight	*powi mipat’
one year	*powi/a ʔonaʔ
blow with the mouth	*puč’
short (not long)	*puh
short (not tall)	*puhič’
miss (a shot)	*pul
sage; wormwood	*pun-
boil	*put’
lightning	*p’ah
roll	*p’al
fall	*p’an
wind (N)	*p’ans
door; shut; hole	*p’ihʈ
poker	*p’iš
clover sp.	*p’oht
put in solids	*p’oy
continuative-iterative	*-s
plural suffix	*-s
eagle	*sah, *sahol’
baby (infant)	*sak’
tooth	*səhk
lizard	*sət’i(ya)m
defecate	*səy
buttocks	*sihs
skunk, big	*sihskin(a)
green; blue	*sik’
lilac	*sik’a
wind to blow	*simi
buckeye	*sim’t
rabbitskin	*sipak
gig	*sis-
clover	*siʔ
tule	*son
shoulder	*sop’
turtle	*sop’(aʔ)
acorn meal	*soy
gray	*suk
Ponderosa pine	*suk’
hang	*sul
yesterday; night	*sum
throw	*sup
duck; mallard	*sus(a)
friend	*susal’ (*susil’ ?)
hole	*sut’
shade; shadow	*sut’
foam	*suy’
trout; fish	*suʔič’
brains	*suʔmam, *sum’am
bag	*ša
sugar pine	*šač
raccoon	*šamam
cold weather	*šat’
raw	*šay
ear	*šəm
bite	*šəš
winter	*šəwan
magnesite	*šihp
black	*šik’
shell; bark	*šil
huckleberries	*šiman
dirty	*šimit’
onion, wild	*šip
willow	*šip(a/i)
blackbird	*šipa
leach	*šiš
ground squirrel	*šiš, *šiša
ripples	*šiw
acorn of tan oak	*šok, *šok’iš(i)
shell; skin	*šoʔ
body	*šul
sit; stay	*šuʔ
effective	*-t
find	*tahk
pile; nest	*tal
negative	*tal (?)
snare	*tas
good	*tat
menstruation	*təl
negative	*təl
sick; ache; hurt	*tih, *tih(i)l(-)
smooth	*tihk
mountain; hill	*tihtam
effective + mediopassive	*-til
rope	*tit
mountain; hill	*tit
comb	*titamol’
chase	*tiw-, *tiwiyim (ʈiw-?)
hard	*tiwhoʔ (*ʈiwhoʔ ?)
neck, back of	*tiyam
killdeer	*tiyat
fawn	*tom
lupine	*toti
dance type	*totowok’
move	*tuk
quail	*tulihš
push	*t(’)uʔ
tie	*t’əy
parent?	*t’ih
head hair	*t’ol
tie a knot	*t’op
heart	*t’uh
chest	*t’uhna-
gig	*t’uk’
pitch; resin; red	*t’uy’, *t’uy’il
spear	*t’uʔmol’
demonstrative locative suffix	*-ʈa
shake (a body part)	*ʈak’
eat	*ʈal (?)
cut	*ʈay
leg	*ʈət’
chase	*ʈiw- (?)
hard	*ʈiwhoʔ (?)
jump	*ʈiʔ
chief	*ʈiʔol’
log	*ʈoʈ’
strike	*ʈuk
move	*ʈuk (?)
basket	*ʈuk’
play ball	*ʈ’ak’
anger; bad weather	*ʈ’aw
war	*ʈ’əw
add; count	*ʈ’il
flea	*ʈ’ohk(a/i)
bald	*ʈ’ok
ankle	*ʈ’ok’am
burden basket, (woman's?)	*ʈ’ot’
fall	*ʈ’oʈ
demonstrative locative suffix	*-w
wide	*wah
time (nominal suffix)	*-wan
sifting basket	*wanmol’
cover	*waw
wolf	*wayis(m)ol’
obsidian	*way’
pay	*wək
after; behind	*wək
sprinkle	*wəl
towhee	*wəš-
oats, wild	*wəš(it’) ka/il-
grizzly bear; coyote	*wəšit’
far	*wič’
old (inanimate)	*wihs
seed paddle	*wilk
roar	*wim
coot; shoveler?	*wišil matma
drive	*wit
bitter	*wit
turn	*wit
mountain	*wit
Eden Valley	*witʔuk’am
work	*wit/ʈiyam
work	*wiʈ
hit by throwing	*wiʈ
poison oak	*wiʔil
dance	*wok’
bend; stoop	*wos-, *woʔ-
pinole	*woʈ’
smoke (N)	*woyam
tobacco	*woy(m)ol’
pipe, tobacco	*woy(m)ol’ ʔal
bend; stoop	*woʔ-, *wos-
progressive	*-y
stand (of inanimates)	*yak
parching basket	*yəhšam
come hither	*yak
stand	*yəš
name	*yəw
build a fire	*yihk
fire	*yihkam
funeral	*yihkamnam nawanmak
play	*yik’
have	*yoʔ
stand (of inanimates)	*yoʔk (?)
new moon	*yuki-
Yuki	*yu·ki
shake (ground or tree)	*yuy
demonstrative locative suffix	*-y’
interrogative mode	*-ʔa
clothes	*ʔač
catch; hold	*ʔah
grandchildren	*ʔahamčat’
people; person	*ʔahtat
wood; stick	*ʔal
potato	*ʔalič’
lead; bring (an animal)	*ʔalil
baby basket	*ʔalwil
always	*ʔan
kinterm prefix	*ʔan-
mother	*ʔank’an’
brother or sister, older?	*ʔank’ič’
uncle	*ʔank’ikan’
father	*ʔank’un’
urine	*ʔas
eat	*ʔaw
buzzard	*ʔayam
net, to set	*ʔaʔ
I (agent)	*ʔə
thunder	*ʔəhlawmol’
neck	*ʔəhšil’
slide; crawl	*ʔəhy
sharp-edged	*ʔəl
guts; intestines	*ʔəm
locative	*-ʔəm
digging stick; cane	*ʔəms
worm, fish	*ʔənam
whirl	*ʔənəmk’al-
I (agent)	*ʔəp(a)
alder	*ʔəpa, *ʔəpi
blood	*ʔəs
hot	*ʔəs(it’)
red	*ʔəsic’
woodpecker, red-headed	*ʔəsiyam
belly; stomach	*ʔəsna
again; still	*ʔəʈaʔ
king salmon	*ʔəyšil
uncle	*ʔəʔ
near; close	*ʔič’
I (patient); me	*ʔih
my (inalienable)	*ʔih(t)
mother's sister, my	*ʔihkəs
brother-in-law, my	*ʔihlayaʔ
daughter, my	*ʔihnayt
mother's sister, my	*ʔihnəyt
father's (younger) sister, my	*ʔihpəča
mother's father, my	*ʔihpit’
father's mother, my	*ʔihpop (*ʔihpəpʔ)
father's sister, my	*ʔihpoyam
daughter-in-law or mother of daughter-in-law, my	*ʔihsuhʈam
brother-in-law, my	*ʔihtəšit’
my (alienable)	*ʔihti, *ʔihta
mother's mother, my	*ʔihʈit’
poison	*ʔihwil
son-in-law, my	*ʔihwit (*ʔihwiht ?)
sister-in-law, my	*ʔihʔihčat’
father's father	*ʔihʔos
flour	*ʔikluh
louse	*ʔik’
say	*ʔim
locative	*-ʔim
blind	*ʔimil, *ʔimli-
sleep	*ʔin
dream	*ʔinam
day	*ʔinay’
cloud	*ʔip
edge	*ʔiʈ (*ʔihʈ?)
grouse	*ʔiʈukam
man; men	*ʔiwVp, *ʔiwVs
what	*ʔiyika
where	*ʔiyim’
when	*ʔiyowan
locative	*-ʔiʔ
run	*ʔoh
breathe	*ʔohtam
tree	*ʔol
brush	*ʔolam
forest	*ʔolhəhin
redwood	*ʔolhohʈam
mouse, white-footed	*ʔolk(’)a/oʈam
hazelnut(s)	*ʔolmam
burden basket (man's?)	*ʔolo
little; small	*ʔolsil
bark (of tree)	*ʔol šil
bark (of tree)	*ʔol šoʔ
in-law	*ʔolwi(hi)l
old (animate)	*ʔolwihs
earth; ground; land; dirt	*ʔon
melt	*ʔon-
south	*ʔonhal’iʔ
mud	*ʔonk’at’
scorpion	*ʔonnaw
turn over	*ʔon pak
mole (animal)	*ʔonpo(ki)yam
Sherwood Pomo	*ʔonpot’ilnom’
clay, blue	*ʔon sik’
clouds; fog	*ʔonwal
earthquake	*ʔonyuy
two	*ʔopaʔ, *ʔopi
winnowing basket	*ʔopič’
pigeon	*ʔopli
old woman	*ʔot’
ripe	*ʔot’
suck	*ʔot’
suck	*ʔoʈ’ (?)
old woman	*ʔoʈ’ (?)
frog	*ʔoʈ’, *ʔoʈ’aʔ
lungs/back?	*ʔoʈ’am
vomit	*ʔoʔ
water	*ʔuk’
valley	*ʔuk’am
mudhen	*ʔuk’čəy
thirsty, be	*ʔuk’ ham
ocean	*ʔuk’hohʈ
Coast Yuki	*ʔuk’hohʈʔont’ilka
otter	*ʔuk’mul
watersnake	*ʔuk’pay’sik’i
crayfish	*ʔuk’šiš
there	*ʔumit
man, young; men, young	*ʔummit’, *ʔummis
carry on the back	*ʔun
quiver	*ʔuna (*ʔuni ?)
we (exclusive agent)	*ʔus
our	*ʔusah, *ʔusaht
wrinkle; shrink	*ʔuš
afraid; fear	*ʔuʔ
black bear	*ʔuʔmas