Phuthi
Etymology
From Proto-Nguni [Term?], from Proto-Bantu *-búna.
Verb
-vúna
- to harvest
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *vьlna, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʋûna/
- Hyphenation: vu‧na
Noun
vȕna f (Cyrillic spelling ву̏на)
- wool
Declension
References
- “vuna” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Swahili
Verb
-vuna (infinitive kuvuna)
- to harvest, reap
- to profit
Usage notes
The reflexive with -ji- is not used, as it is identical in form with the unrelated verb -jivuna.
Conjugation
Conjugation of -vuna
|
Positive present
|
-navuna
|
Subjunctive
|
-vune
|
Negative
|
-vuni
|
Imperative singular
|
vuna
|
|
Infinitives
|
|
Imperatives
|
|
Tensed forms
|
Habitual
|
huvuna
|
Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -livuna
|
Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kuvuna
|
|
Positive present (positive subject concord + -navuna)
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st person
|
ninavuna/navuna
|
tunavuna
|
2nd person
|
unavuna
|
mnavuna
|
3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anavuna
|
wanavuna
|
other classes
|
positive subject concord + -navuna
|
|
Negative present (negative subject concord + -vuni)
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st person
|
sivuni
|
hatuvuni
|
2nd person
|
huvuni
|
hamvuni
|
3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
havuni
|
hawavuni
|
other classes
|
negative subject concord + -vuni
|
|
Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tavuna
|
Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tavuna
|
|
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -vune)
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
1st person
|
nivune
|
tuvune
|
2nd person
|
uvune
|
mvune
|
3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
avune
|
wavune
|
other classes
|
positive subject concord + -vune
|
|
Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sivune
|
Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngevuna
|
Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singevuna
|
Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalivuna
|
Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalivuna
|
|
|
Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -mevuna
|
"Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshavuna
|
"Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -javuna
|
"If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kivuna
|
"If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipovuna
|
Consecutive
|
kavuna / positive subject concord + -kavuna
|
Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kavune
|
|
|
|
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms
Xhosa
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
-vuna?
- (transitive) to pick
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology 1
From Proto-Nguni [Term?], from Proto-Bantu *-búna.
Verb
-vúna
- (transitive) to harvest
Inflection
Tone H
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuna
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuna
|
ukungavuni
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
vuna
|
-vune
|
Plural
|
vunani
|
-vuneni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyavuna, ngivuna
|
engivunayo, engivuna
|
ngivuna
|
angivuni
|
engingavuni
|
ngingavuni
|
2nd singular
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
uvuna
|
awuvuni
|
ongavuni
|
ungavuni
|
1st plural
|
siyavuna, sivuna
|
esivunayo, esivuna
|
sivuna
|
asivuni
|
esingavuni
|
singavuni
|
2nd plural
|
niyavuna, nivuna
|
enivunayo, enivuna
|
nivuna
|
anivuni
|
eningavuni
|
ningavuni
|
Class 1
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
evuna
|
akavuni
|
ongavuni
|
engavuni
|
Class 2
|
bayavuna, bavuna
|
abavunayo, abavuna
|
bevuna
|
abavuni
|
abangavuni
|
bengavuni
|
Class 3
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
uvuna
|
awuvuni
|
ongavuni
|
ungavuni
|
Class 4
|
iyavuna, ivuna
|
evunayo, evuna
|
ivuna
|
ayivuni
|
engavuni
|
ingavuni
|
Class 5
|
liyavuna, livuna
|
elivunayo, elivuna
|
livuna
|
alivuni
|
elingavuni
|
lingavuni
|
Class 6
|
ayavuna, avuna
|
avunayo, avuna
|
evuna
|
awavuni
|
angavuni
|
engavuni
|
Class 7
|
siyavuna, sivuna
|
esivunayo, esivuna
|
sivuna
|
asivuni
|
esingavuni
|
singavuni
|
Class 8
|
ziyavuna, zivuna
|
ezivunayo, ezivuna
|
zivuna
|
azivuni
|
ezingavuni
|
zingavuni
|
Class 9
|
iyavuna, ivuna
|
evunayo, evuna
|
ivuna
|
ayivuni
|
engavuni
|
ingavuni
|
Class 10
|
ziyavuna, zivuna
|
ezivunayo, ezivuna
|
zivuna
|
azivuni
|
ezingavuni
|
zingavuni
|
Class 11
|
luyavuna, luvuna
|
oluvunayo, oluvuna
|
luvuna
|
aluvuni
|
olungavuni
|
lungavuni
|
Class 14
|
buyavuna, buvuna
|
obuvunayo, obuvuna
|
buvuna
|
abuvuni
|
obungavuni
|
bungavuni
|
Class 15
|
kuyavuna, kuvuna
|
okuvunayo, okuvuna
|
kuvuna
|
akuvuni
|
okungavuni
|
kungavuni
|
Class 17
|
kuyavuna, kuvuna
|
okuvunayo, okuvuna
|
kuvuna
|
akuvuni
|
okungavuni
|
kungavuni
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngivunile, ngivunē
|
engivunile, engivunē
|
ngivunile, ngivunē
|
angivunanga
|
engingavunanga
|
ngingavunanga
|
2nd singular
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
1st plural
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
esivunile, esivunē
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
2nd plural
|
nivunile, nivunē
|
enivunile, enivunē
|
nivunile, nivunē
|
anivunanga
|
eningavunanga
|
ningavunanga
|
Class 1
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
akavunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 2
|
bavunile, bavunē
|
abavunile, abavunē
|
bevunile, bevunē
|
abavunanga
|
abangavunanga
|
bengavunanga
|
Class 3
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
Class 4
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 5
|
livunile, livunē
|
elivunile, elivunē
|
livunile, livunē
|
alivunanga
|
elingavunanga
|
lingavunanga
|
Class 6
|
avunile, avunē
|
avunile, avunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
awavunanga
|
angavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 7
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
esivunile, esivunē
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
Class 8
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
ezivunile, ezivunē
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 9
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 10
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
ezivunile, ezivunē
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 11
|
luvunile, luvunē
|
oluvunile, oluvunē
|
luvunile, luvunē
|
aluvunanga
|
olungavunanga
|
lungavunanga
|
Class 14
|
buvunile, buvunē
|
obuvunile, obuvunē
|
buvunile, buvunē
|
abuvunanga
|
obungavunanga
|
bungavunanga
|
Class 15
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
okuvunile, okuvunē
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
Class 17
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
okuvunile, okuvunē
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāvuna
|
engāvuna
|
ngāvuna
|
angivunanga
|
engingavunanga
|
ngingavunanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
wāvuna
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
1st plural
|
sāvuna
|
esāvuna
|
sāvuna
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāvuna
|
enāvuna
|
nāvuna
|
anivunanga
|
eningavunanga
|
ningavunanga
|
Class 1
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
āvuna
|
akavunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 2
|
bāvuna
|
abāvuna
|
bāvuna
|
abavunanga
|
abangavunanga
|
bengavunanga
|
Class 3
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
wāvuna
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
Class 4
|
yāvuna
|
eyāvuna
|
yāvuna
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 5
|
lāvuna
|
elāvuna
|
lāvuna
|
alivunanga
|
elingavunanga
|
lingavunanga
|
Class 6
|
āvuna
|
āvuna
|
āvuna
|
awavunanga
|
angavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 7
|
sāvuna
|
esāvuna
|
sāvuna
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
Class 8
|
zāvuna
|
ezāvuna
|
zāvuna
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 9
|
yāvuna
|
eyāvuna
|
yāvuna
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 10
|
zāvuna
|
ezāvuna
|
zāvuna
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāvuna
|
olwāvuna
|
lwāvuna
|
aluvunanga
|
olungavunanga
|
lungavunanga
|
Class 14
|
bāvuna
|
obāvuna
|
bāvuna
|
abuvunanga
|
obungavunanga
|
bungavunanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāvuna
|
okwāvuna
|
kwāvuna
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāvuna
|
okwāvuna
|
kwāvuna
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingavuna
|
—
|
ngingavuna
|
ngingevune
|
—
|
ngingevune
|
2nd singular
|
ungavuna
|
—
|
ungavuna
|
ungevune
|
—
|
ungevune
|
1st plural
|
singavuna
|
—
|
singavuna
|
singevune
|
—
|
singevune
|
2nd plural
|
ningavuna
|
—
|
ningavuna
|
ningevune
|
—
|
ningevune
|
Class 1
|
angavuna
|
—
|
engavuna
|
angevune
|
—
|
engevune
|
Class 2
|
bangavuna
|
—
|
bengavuna
|
bangevune
|
—
|
bengevune
|
Class 3
|
ungavuna
|
—
|
ungavuna
|
ungevune
|
—
|
ungevune
|
Class 4
|
ingavuna
|
—
|
ingavuna
|
ingevune
|
—
|
ingevune
|
Class 5
|
lingavuna
|
—
|
lingavuna
|
lingevune
|
—
|
lingevune
|
Class 6
|
angavuna
|
—
|
engavuna
|
angevune
|
—
|
engevune
|
Class 7
|
singavuna
|
—
|
singavuna
|
singevune
|
—
|
singevune
|
Class 8
|
zingavuna
|
—
|
zingavuna
|
zingevune
|
—
|
zingevune
|
Class 9
|
ingavuna
|
—
|
ingavuna
|
ingevune
|
—
|
ingevune
|
Class 10
|
zingavuna
|
—
|
zingavuna
|
zingevune
|
—
|
zingevune
|
Class 11
|
lungavuna
|
—
|
lungavuna
|
lungevune
|
—
|
lungevune
|
Class 14
|
bungavuna
|
—
|
bungavuna
|
bungevune
|
—
|
bungevune
|
Class 15
|
kungavuna
|
—
|
kungavuna
|
kungevune
|
—
|
kungevune
|
Class 17
|
kungavuna
|
—
|
kungavuna
|
kungevune
|
—
|
kungevune
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizovuna
|
engizovuna
|
ngizovuna
|
angizuvuna
|
engingezuvuna
|
ngingezuvuna
|
2nd singular
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
uzovuna
|
awuzuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
ungezuvuna
|
1st plural
|
sizovuna
|
esizovuna
|
sizovuna
|
asizuvuna
|
esingezuvuna
|
singezuvuna
|
2nd plural
|
nizovuna
|
enizovuna
|
nizovuna
|
anizuvuna
|
eningezuvuna
|
ningezuvuna
|
Class 1
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
ezovuna
|
akazuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
Class 2
|
bazovuna
|
abazovuna
|
bezovuna
|
abazuvuna
|
abangezuvuna
|
bengezuvuna
|
Class 3
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
uzovuna
|
awuzuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
ungezuvuna
|
Class 4
|
izovuna
|
ezovuna
|
izovuna
|
ayizuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
ingezuvuna
|
Class 5
|
lizovuna
|
elizovuna
|
lizovuna
|
alizuvuna
|
elingezuvuna
|
lingezuvuna
|
Class 6
|
azovuna
|
azovuna
|
ezovuna
|
awazuvuna
|
angezuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
Class 7
|
sizovuna
|
esizovuna
|
sizovuna
|
asizuvuna
|
esingezuvuna
|
singezuvuna
|
Class 8
|
zizovuna
|
ezizovuna
|
zizovuna
|
azizuvuna
|
ezingezuvuna
|
zingezuvuna
|
Class 9
|
izovuna
|
ezovuna
|
izovuna
|
ayizuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
ingezuvuna
|
Class 10
|
zizovuna
|
ezizovuna
|
zizovuna
|
azizuvuna
|
ezingezuvuna
|
zingezuvuna
|
Class 11
|
luzovuna
|
oluzovuna
|
luzovuna
|
aluzuvuna
|
olungezuvuna
|
lungezuvuna
|
Class 14
|
buzovuna
|
obuzovuna
|
buzovuna
|
abuzuvuna
|
obungezuvuna
|
bungezuvuna
|
Class 15
|
kuzovuna
|
okuzovuna
|
kuzovuna
|
akuzuvuna
|
okungezuvuna
|
kungezuvuna
|
Class 17
|
kuzovuna
|
okuzovuna
|
kuzovuna
|
akuzuvuna
|
okungezuvuna
|
kungezuvuna
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyovuna
|
engiyovuna
|
ngiyovuna
|
angiyuvuna
|
engingeyuvuna
|
ngingeyuvuna
|
2nd singular
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
uyovuna
|
awuyuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
ungeyuvuna
|
1st plural
|
siyovuna
|
esiyovuna
|
siyovuna
|
asiyuvuna
|
esingeyuvuna
|
singeyuvuna
|
2nd plural
|
niyovuna
|
eniyovuna
|
niyovuna
|
aniyuvuna
|
eningeyuvuna
|
ningeyuvuna
|
Class 1
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
akayuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
Class 2
|
bayovuna
|
abayovuna
|
beyovuna
|
abayuvuna
|
abangeyuvuna
|
bengeyuvuna
|
Class 3
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
uyovuna
|
awuyuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
ungeyuvuna
|
Class 4
|
iyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
iyovuna
|
ayiyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
ingeyuvuna
|
Class 5
|
liyovuna
|
eliyovuna
|
liyovuna
|
aliyuvuna
|
elingeyuvuna
|
lingeyuvuna
|
Class 6
|
ayovuna
|
ayovuna
|
eyovuna
|
awayuvuna
|
angeyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
Class 7
|
siyovuna
|
esiyovuna
|
siyovuna
|
asiyuvuna
|
esingeyuvuna
|
singeyuvuna
|
Class 8
|
ziyovuna
|
eziyovuna
|
ziyovuna
|
aziyuvuna
|
ezingeyuvuna
|
zingeyuvuna
|
Class 9
|
iyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
iyovuna
|
ayiyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
ingeyuvuna
|
Class 10
|
ziyovuna
|
eziyovuna
|
ziyovuna
|
aziyuvuna
|
ezingeyuvuna
|
zingeyuvuna
|
Class 11
|
luyovuna
|
oluyovuna
|
luyovuna
|
aluyuvuna
|
olungeyuvuna
|
lungeyuvuna
|
Class 14
|
buyovuna
|
obuyovuna
|
buyovuna
|
abuyuvuna
|
obungeyuvuna
|
bungeyuvuna
|
Class 15
|
kuyovuna
|
okuyovuna
|
kuyovuna
|
akuyuvuna
|
okungeyuvuna
|
kungeyuvuna
|
Class 17
|
kuyovuna
|
okuyovuna
|
kuyovuna
|
akuyuvuna
|
okungeyuvuna
|
kungeyuvuna
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngivune
|
ngingavuni
|
2nd singular
|
uvune
|
ungavuni
|
1st plural
|
sivune
|
singavuni
|
2nd plural
|
nivune
|
ningavuni
|
Class 1
|
avune
|
angavuni
|
Class 2
|
bavune
|
bangavuni
|
Class 3
|
uvune
|
ungavuni
|
Class 4
|
ivune
|
ingavuni
|
Class 5
|
livune
|
lingavuni
|
Class 6
|
avune
|
angavuni
|
Class 7
|
sivune
|
singavuni
|
Class 8
|
zivune
|
zingavuni
|
Class 9
|
ivune
|
ingavuni
|
Class 10
|
zivune
|
zingavuni
|
Class 11
|
luvune
|
lungavuni
|
Class 14
|
buvune
|
bungavuni
|
Class 15
|
kuvune
|
kungavuni
|
Class 17
|
kuvune
|
kungavuni
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngavuna
|
ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
|
2nd singular
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
1st plural
|
savuna
|
sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
|
2nd plural
|
navuna
|
nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
|
Class 1
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
|
Class 2
|
bavuna
|
bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
|
Class 3
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
Class 4
|
yavuna
|
yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
|
Class 5
|
lavuna
|
langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
|
Class 6
|
avuna
|
angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
Class 7
|
savuna
|
sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
|
Class 8
|
zavuna
|
zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
|
Class 9
|
yavuna
|
yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
|
Class 10
|
zavuna
|
zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
|
Class 11
|
lwavuna
|
lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
|
Class 14
|
bavuna
|
bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
|
Class 15
|
kwavuna
|
kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
|
Class 17
|
kwavuna
|
kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
|
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
-vúna
- (transitive) to side with (in a dispute), to be partial towards
Inflection
Tone H
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuna
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuna
|
ukungavuni
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
vuna
|
-vune
|
Plural
|
vunani
|
-vuneni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyavuna, ngivuna
|
engivunayo, engivuna
|
ngivuna
|
angivuni
|
engingavuni
|
ngingavuni
|
2nd singular
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
uvuna
|
awuvuni
|
ongavuni
|
ungavuni
|
1st plural
|
siyavuna, sivuna
|
esivunayo, esivuna
|
sivuna
|
asivuni
|
esingavuni
|
singavuni
|
2nd plural
|
niyavuna, nivuna
|
enivunayo, enivuna
|
nivuna
|
anivuni
|
eningavuni
|
ningavuni
|
Class 1
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
evuna
|
akavuni
|
ongavuni
|
engavuni
|
Class 2
|
bayavuna, bavuna
|
abavunayo, abavuna
|
bevuna
|
abavuni
|
abangavuni
|
bengavuni
|
Class 3
|
uyavuna, uvuna
|
ovunayo, ovuna
|
uvuna
|
awuvuni
|
ongavuni
|
ungavuni
|
Class 4
|
iyavuna, ivuna
|
evunayo, evuna
|
ivuna
|
ayivuni
|
engavuni
|
ingavuni
|
Class 5
|
liyavuna, livuna
|
elivunayo, elivuna
|
livuna
|
alivuni
|
elingavuni
|
lingavuni
|
Class 6
|
ayavuna, avuna
|
avunayo, avuna
|
evuna
|
awavuni
|
angavuni
|
engavuni
|
Class 7
|
siyavuna, sivuna
|
esivunayo, esivuna
|
sivuna
|
asivuni
|
esingavuni
|
singavuni
|
Class 8
|
ziyavuna, zivuna
|
ezivunayo, ezivuna
|
zivuna
|
azivuni
|
ezingavuni
|
zingavuni
|
Class 9
|
iyavuna, ivuna
|
evunayo, evuna
|
ivuna
|
ayivuni
|
engavuni
|
ingavuni
|
Class 10
|
ziyavuna, zivuna
|
ezivunayo, ezivuna
|
zivuna
|
azivuni
|
ezingavuni
|
zingavuni
|
Class 11
|
luyavuna, luvuna
|
oluvunayo, oluvuna
|
luvuna
|
aluvuni
|
olungavuni
|
lungavuni
|
Class 14
|
buyavuna, buvuna
|
obuvunayo, obuvuna
|
buvuna
|
abuvuni
|
obungavuni
|
bungavuni
|
Class 15
|
kuyavuna, kuvuna
|
okuvunayo, okuvuna
|
kuvuna
|
akuvuni
|
okungavuni
|
kungavuni
|
Class 17
|
kuyavuna, kuvuna
|
okuvunayo, okuvuna
|
kuvuna
|
akuvuni
|
okungavuni
|
kungavuni
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngivunile, ngivunē
|
engivunile, engivunē
|
ngivunile, ngivunē
|
angivunanga
|
engingavunanga
|
ngingavunanga
|
2nd singular
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
1st plural
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
esivunile, esivunē
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
2nd plural
|
nivunile, nivunē
|
enivunile, enivunē
|
nivunile, nivunē
|
anivunanga
|
eningavunanga
|
ningavunanga
|
Class 1
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
akavunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 2
|
bavunile, bavunē
|
abavunile, abavunē
|
bevunile, bevunē
|
abavunanga
|
abangavunanga
|
bengavunanga
|
Class 3
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
ovunile, ovunē
|
uvunile, uvunē
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
Class 4
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 5
|
livunile, livunē
|
elivunile, elivunē
|
livunile, livunē
|
alivunanga
|
elingavunanga
|
lingavunanga
|
Class 6
|
avunile, avunē
|
avunile, avunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
awavunanga
|
angavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 7
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
esivunile, esivunē
|
sivunile, sivunē
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
Class 8
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
ezivunile, ezivunē
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 9
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
evunile, evunē
|
ivunile, ivunē
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 10
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
ezivunile, ezivunē
|
zivunile, zivunē
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 11
|
luvunile, luvunē
|
oluvunile, oluvunē
|
luvunile, luvunē
|
aluvunanga
|
olungavunanga
|
lungavunanga
|
Class 14
|
buvunile, buvunē
|
obuvunile, obuvunē
|
buvunile, buvunē
|
abuvunanga
|
obungavunanga
|
bungavunanga
|
Class 15
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
okuvunile, okuvunē
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
Class 17
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
okuvunile, okuvunē
|
kuvunile, kuvunē
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāvuna
|
engāvuna
|
ngāvuna
|
angivunanga
|
engingavunanga
|
ngingavunanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
wāvuna
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
1st plural
|
sāvuna
|
esāvuna
|
sāvuna
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāvuna
|
enāvuna
|
nāvuna
|
anivunanga
|
eningavunanga
|
ningavunanga
|
Class 1
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
āvuna
|
akavunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 2
|
bāvuna
|
abāvuna
|
bāvuna
|
abavunanga
|
abangavunanga
|
bengavunanga
|
Class 3
|
wāvuna
|
owāvuna
|
wāvuna
|
awuvunanga
|
ongavunanga
|
ungavunanga
|
Class 4
|
yāvuna
|
eyāvuna
|
yāvuna
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 5
|
lāvuna
|
elāvuna
|
lāvuna
|
alivunanga
|
elingavunanga
|
lingavunanga
|
Class 6
|
āvuna
|
āvuna
|
āvuna
|
awavunanga
|
angavunanga
|
engavunanga
|
Class 7
|
sāvuna
|
esāvuna
|
sāvuna
|
asivunanga
|
esingavunanga
|
singavunanga
|
Class 8
|
zāvuna
|
ezāvuna
|
zāvuna
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 9
|
yāvuna
|
eyāvuna
|
yāvuna
|
ayivunanga
|
engavunanga
|
ingavunanga
|
Class 10
|
zāvuna
|
ezāvuna
|
zāvuna
|
azivunanga
|
ezingavunanga
|
zingavunanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāvuna
|
olwāvuna
|
lwāvuna
|
aluvunanga
|
olungavunanga
|
lungavunanga
|
Class 14
|
bāvuna
|
obāvuna
|
bāvuna
|
abuvunanga
|
obungavunanga
|
bungavunanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāvuna
|
okwāvuna
|
kwāvuna
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāvuna
|
okwāvuna
|
kwāvuna
|
akuvunanga
|
okungavunanga
|
kungavunanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingavuna
|
—
|
ngingavuna
|
ngingevune
|
—
|
ngingevune
|
2nd singular
|
ungavuna
|
—
|
ungavuna
|
ungevune
|
—
|
ungevune
|
1st plural
|
singavuna
|
—
|
singavuna
|
singevune
|
—
|
singevune
|
2nd plural
|
ningavuna
|
—
|
ningavuna
|
ningevune
|
—
|
ningevune
|
Class 1
|
angavuna
|
—
|
engavuna
|
angevune
|
—
|
engevune
|
Class 2
|
bangavuna
|
—
|
bengavuna
|
bangevune
|
—
|
bengevune
|
Class 3
|
ungavuna
|
—
|
ungavuna
|
ungevune
|
—
|
ungevune
|
Class 4
|
ingavuna
|
—
|
ingavuna
|
ingevune
|
—
|
ingevune
|
Class 5
|
lingavuna
|
—
|
lingavuna
|
lingevune
|
—
|
lingevune
|
Class 6
|
angavuna
|
—
|
engavuna
|
angevune
|
—
|
engevune
|
Class 7
|
singavuna
|
—
|
singavuna
|
singevune
|
—
|
singevune
|
Class 8
|
zingavuna
|
—
|
zingavuna
|
zingevune
|
—
|
zingevune
|
Class 9
|
ingavuna
|
—
|
ingavuna
|
ingevune
|
—
|
ingevune
|
Class 10
|
zingavuna
|
—
|
zingavuna
|
zingevune
|
—
|
zingevune
|
Class 11
|
lungavuna
|
—
|
lungavuna
|
lungevune
|
—
|
lungevune
|
Class 14
|
bungavuna
|
—
|
bungavuna
|
bungevune
|
—
|
bungevune
|
Class 15
|
kungavuna
|
—
|
kungavuna
|
kungevune
|
—
|
kungevune
|
Class 17
|
kungavuna
|
—
|
kungavuna
|
kungevune
|
—
|
kungevune
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizovuna
|
engizovuna
|
ngizovuna
|
angizuvuna
|
engingezuvuna
|
ngingezuvuna
|
2nd singular
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
uzovuna
|
awuzuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
ungezuvuna
|
1st plural
|
sizovuna
|
esizovuna
|
sizovuna
|
asizuvuna
|
esingezuvuna
|
singezuvuna
|
2nd plural
|
nizovuna
|
enizovuna
|
nizovuna
|
anizuvuna
|
eningezuvuna
|
ningezuvuna
|
Class 1
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
ezovuna
|
akazuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
Class 2
|
bazovuna
|
abazovuna
|
bezovuna
|
abazuvuna
|
abangezuvuna
|
bengezuvuna
|
Class 3
|
uzovuna
|
ozovuna
|
uzovuna
|
awuzuvuna
|
ongezuvuna
|
ungezuvuna
|
Class 4
|
izovuna
|
ezovuna
|
izovuna
|
ayizuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
ingezuvuna
|
Class 5
|
lizovuna
|
elizovuna
|
lizovuna
|
alizuvuna
|
elingezuvuna
|
lingezuvuna
|
Class 6
|
azovuna
|
azovuna
|
ezovuna
|
awazuvuna
|
angezuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
Class 7
|
sizovuna
|
esizovuna
|
sizovuna
|
asizuvuna
|
esingezuvuna
|
singezuvuna
|
Class 8
|
zizovuna
|
ezizovuna
|
zizovuna
|
azizuvuna
|
ezingezuvuna
|
zingezuvuna
|
Class 9
|
izovuna
|
ezovuna
|
izovuna
|
ayizuvuna
|
engezuvuna
|
ingezuvuna
|
Class 10
|
zizovuna
|
ezizovuna
|
zizovuna
|
azizuvuna
|
ezingezuvuna
|
zingezuvuna
|
Class 11
|
luzovuna
|
oluzovuna
|
luzovuna
|
aluzuvuna
|
olungezuvuna
|
lungezuvuna
|
Class 14
|
buzovuna
|
obuzovuna
|
buzovuna
|
abuzuvuna
|
obungezuvuna
|
bungezuvuna
|
Class 15
|
kuzovuna
|
okuzovuna
|
kuzovuna
|
akuzuvuna
|
okungezuvuna
|
kungezuvuna
|
Class 17
|
kuzovuna
|
okuzovuna
|
kuzovuna
|
akuzuvuna
|
okungezuvuna
|
kungezuvuna
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyovuna
|
engiyovuna
|
ngiyovuna
|
angiyuvuna
|
engingeyuvuna
|
ngingeyuvuna
|
2nd singular
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
uyovuna
|
awuyuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
ungeyuvuna
|
1st plural
|
siyovuna
|
esiyovuna
|
siyovuna
|
asiyuvuna
|
esingeyuvuna
|
singeyuvuna
|
2nd plural
|
niyovuna
|
eniyovuna
|
niyovuna
|
aniyuvuna
|
eningeyuvuna
|
ningeyuvuna
|
Class 1
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
akayuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
Class 2
|
bayovuna
|
abayovuna
|
beyovuna
|
abayuvuna
|
abangeyuvuna
|
bengeyuvuna
|
Class 3
|
uyovuna
|
oyovuna
|
uyovuna
|
awuyuvuna
|
ongeyuvuna
|
ungeyuvuna
|
Class 4
|
iyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
iyovuna
|
ayiyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
ingeyuvuna
|
Class 5
|
liyovuna
|
eliyovuna
|
liyovuna
|
aliyuvuna
|
elingeyuvuna
|
lingeyuvuna
|
Class 6
|
ayovuna
|
ayovuna
|
eyovuna
|
awayuvuna
|
angeyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
Class 7
|
siyovuna
|
esiyovuna
|
siyovuna
|
asiyuvuna
|
esingeyuvuna
|
singeyuvuna
|
Class 8
|
ziyovuna
|
eziyovuna
|
ziyovuna
|
aziyuvuna
|
ezingeyuvuna
|
zingeyuvuna
|
Class 9
|
iyovuna
|
eyovuna
|
iyovuna
|
ayiyuvuna
|
engeyuvuna
|
ingeyuvuna
|
Class 10
|
ziyovuna
|
eziyovuna
|
ziyovuna
|
aziyuvuna
|
ezingeyuvuna
|
zingeyuvuna
|
Class 11
|
luyovuna
|
oluyovuna
|
luyovuna
|
aluyuvuna
|
olungeyuvuna
|
lungeyuvuna
|
Class 14
|
buyovuna
|
obuyovuna
|
buyovuna
|
abuyuvuna
|
obungeyuvuna
|
bungeyuvuna
|
Class 15
|
kuyovuna
|
okuyovuna
|
kuyovuna
|
akuyuvuna
|
okungeyuvuna
|
kungeyuvuna
|
Class 17
|
kuyovuna
|
okuyovuna
|
kuyovuna
|
akuyuvuna
|
okungeyuvuna
|
kungeyuvuna
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngivune
|
ngingavuni
|
2nd singular
|
uvune
|
ungavuni
|
1st plural
|
sivune
|
singavuni
|
2nd plural
|
nivune
|
ningavuni
|
Class 1
|
avune
|
angavuni
|
Class 2
|
bavune
|
bangavuni
|
Class 3
|
uvune
|
ungavuni
|
Class 4
|
ivune
|
ingavuni
|
Class 5
|
livune
|
lingavuni
|
Class 6
|
avune
|
angavuni
|
Class 7
|
sivune
|
singavuni
|
Class 8
|
zivune
|
zingavuni
|
Class 9
|
ivune
|
ingavuni
|
Class 10
|
zivune
|
zingavuni
|
Class 11
|
luvune
|
lungavuni
|
Class 14
|
buvune
|
bungavuni
|
Class 15
|
kuvune
|
kungavuni
|
Class 17
|
kuvune
|
kungavuni
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngavuna
|
ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
|
2nd singular
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
1st plural
|
savuna
|
sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
|
2nd plural
|
navuna
|
nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
|
Class 1
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
|
Class 2
|
bavuna
|
bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
|
Class 3
|
wavuna
|
wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
Class 4
|
yavuna
|
yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
|
Class 5
|
lavuna
|
langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
|
Class 6
|
avuna
|
angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
|
Class 7
|
savuna
|
sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
|
Class 8
|
zavuna
|
zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
|
Class 9
|
yavuna
|
yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
|
Class 10
|
zavuna
|
zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
|
Class 11
|
lwavuna
|
lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
|
Class 14
|
bavuna
|
bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
|
Class 15
|
kwavuna
|
kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
|
Class 17
|
kwavuna
|
kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
|
References