苦痛

See also: 痛苦

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	ache; pain; sorrow
trad. (苦痛)		苦	痛
simp. #(苦痛)		苦	痛
anagram		痛苦

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kǔtòng

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² tung³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-thung
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kǔtòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kǔtòng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu³-tʻung⁴
    • Yale: kǔ-tùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutonq
    • Palladius: кутун (kutun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fu² tung³
    • Yale: fú tung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fu² tung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: fu² tung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-thung
    • Hakka Romanization System: ku` tung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ tung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng
    • Tâi-lô: khóo-thàng / khóo-thòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoftaxng, qoftoxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaŋ⁴¹/, /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ¹¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khuX|khuH thuwngH

Rime
Character	苦	苦	痛
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	康杜切	苦故切	他貢切
Baxter	khuX	khuH	thuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/tʰuŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/tʰuŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰoX/	/kʰoH/	/tʰuŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɔX/	/kʰɔH/	/tʰəwŋH/
Li Rong	/kʰoX/	/kʰoH/	/tʰuŋH/
Wang Li	/kʰuX/	/kʰuH/	/tʰuŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuoX/	/kʰuoH/	/tʰuŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǔ	kù	tòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu2	fu3	tung3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ  l̥ˤoŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs  l̥ʰoːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苦	痛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǔ	tòng
Middle Chinese	‹ khuX ›	‹ thuwngH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaʔ/	/*l̥ˁoŋ-s/
English	bitter	to be pained
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苦	苦	痛
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	4242	4243	15433
Phonetic component	古	古	用
Rime group	魚	魚	東
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	苦	絝	痛
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːʔ/	/*kʰaːs/	/*l̥ʰoːŋs/

Noun

苦痛

1. agony; pain; suffering

   Synonym: 痛苦 (tòngkǔ)

   • 故劫殺死亡之君，此其心之憂懼、形之苦痛也，必甚於厲矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     故劫杀死亡之君，此其心之忧惧、形之苦痛也，必甚于厉矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE

     Gù jiéshā sǐwáng zhī jūn, cǐ qí xīn zhī yōujù, xíng zhī kǔtòng yě, bì shèn yú lì yǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (苦痛):

• → Japanese: 苦(く)痛(つう) (kutsū)
• → Korean: 고통(苦痛) (gotong)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	痛
く Grade: 3	つう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) くつう [kùtsúú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [kɯ̟̊t͡sɨː]

Noun

苦(く)痛(つう) • (kutsū) 

1. agony, pain
2. distress, torment, anguish

Synonyms

• 苦悩(くのう) (kunō)

See also

• 痛(いた)み (itami)

Korean

Hanja in this term
苦	痛

Noun

苦痛 • (gotong) (hangeul 고통)

1. hanja form^? of 고통 (“pain”)