冢

See also: 塚, 家, and 冡

Translingual

Han character

冢 (Kangxi radical 14, 冖+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 月一尸人 (BMSO) or 難月一尸人 (XBMSO), four-corner 3723₂, composition ⿱冖豖)

Derived characters

• 塚, 𡻑, 𣹞, 𬥥

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 130, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1585
• Dae Jaweon: page 293, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 304, character 9
• Unihan data for U+51A2

---

Chinese

trad.		冢
simp. #		冢
alternative forms		塚／冢

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢	*rtoːɡ
啄	*rtoːɡ, *toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 勹 (“wrap”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) – wrapped in a burial shroud. Top component now simplified to 冖.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thióng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: chung³
    • Yale: jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
    • Palladius: чжун (čžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cung²
    • Yale: chúng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: cung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
    • Tâi-lô: thióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: trjowngX

Rime
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	知隴切
Baxter	trjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋX/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋX/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]roŋʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ trjowngX ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]roŋʔ/ (or *[t]<r>oŋʔ ?)
English	tomb mound
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冢
Reading #	1/1
No.	1616
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 冢

1. mausoleum

   項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝冢。 [MSC, trad.]
   项羽烧秦宫室，掘始皇帝冢。 [MSC, simp.]

   From: Records of the Grand Historian, Annals of Gaozu 史記 · 卷八 · 高祖本紀

   Xiàng Yǔ shāo Qín gōngshì, jué Shǐhuángdì zhǒng. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. tomb, burial mound See also: 塚

   一去紫臺連朔漠，獨留青冢向黃昏。 [MSC, trad.]
   一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。 [MSC, simp.]

   From: Poem by Du Fu, 杜甫 · 詠懷古跡五首 · 其三

   Yī qù zǐtái lián shuòmò, dú liú qīngzhǒng xiàng huánghūn. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

3. ^† mountain summit

   百川沸騰，山冢崒崩。高岸為谷，深谷為陵。 [MSC, trad.]
   百川沸腾，山冢崒崩。高岸为谷，深谷为陵。 [MSC, simp.]

   From: Classic of Poetry, Lesser Court Hymns 詩經 · 小雅 · 十月之交

   Bǎi chuān fèiténg, shān zhǒng zúbēng. Gāo'àn wèi gǔ, shēngǔ wèi líng. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

4. (prefix) eldest, senior in rank

---

Japanese

Kanji

冢

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): ちょう (chō); ちゅ (chu)
• Kun: つか (tsuka); おか (oka); やしろ (yashiro)

---

Korean

Hanja

冢 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

冢 (trủng, trổng, trũng)

1. depression
2. burial mound, mausoleum
3. grand

Source: http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=51a2&img=1&uiLang=en