呼吸

Chinese

		to breathe out	to breathe in
trad. (呼吸)		呼	吸
simp. #(呼吸)		呼	吸

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hūxī

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨ ㄒㄧ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fu¹ kap¹

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fû-khip
• Eastern Min (BUC): hù-ngék
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ho͘-khip

  (Teochew, Peng'im): u¹ kib⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹hu-shiq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hūxī
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ ㄒㄧ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: husi
    • Wade–Giles: hu¹-hsi¹
    • Yale: hū-syī
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hushi
    • Palladius: хуси (xusi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: fu¹ kap¹
    • Yale: fū kāp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fu¹ kap⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: fu¹ keb¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû-khip
    • Hakka Romanization System: fu^ˊ kib^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fu¹ kib⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴ kʰip̚²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-ngék
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hu⁵³⁻²¹ ŋɛiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho͘-khip
    • Tâi-lô: hoo-khip
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ho'qib
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ³³ kʰip̚⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰip̚³²/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰip̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: u¹ kib⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: u khip
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³³⁻²³ kʰip̚²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹hu-shiq
    • MiniDict: hu^平 shih
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹hu-xiq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hu⁵⁵ ɕiɪʔ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: xu xip

Rime
Character	呼	吸
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	緝 (142)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	荒烏切	許及切
Baxter	xu	xip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huo/	/hˠiɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/huo/	/hᵚip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/xo/	/xiep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɔ/	/hjip̚/
Li Rong	/xo/	/xjəp̚/
Wang Li	/xu/	/xĭĕp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xuo/	/xi̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hū	xi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu1	hap1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤa  qʰ(r)əp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaː  qʰrɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	呼	吸
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hū	xī
Middle Chinese	‹ xu ›	‹ xip ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰˁa/	/*qʰ(r)əp/
English	call out, shout	inhale
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	呼	吸
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5181	5667
Phonetic component	乎	及
Rime group	魚	緝
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	呼	吸
Old Chinese	/*qʰaː/	/*qʰrɯb/

Verb

呼吸

1. to breathe; to exhale and inhale; (sometimes specifically) to breathe in; to inhale

   深呼吸  ―  shēn hūxī  ―  to breathe deeply

   調整呼吸／调整呼吸  ―  tiáozhěng hūxī  ―  to adjust one's breathing

   呼吸器官  ―  hūxī qìguān  ―  respiratory organ

   呼吸困難／呼吸困难  ―  hūxī kùnnán  ―  (to have) breathing difficulty

   呼吸急促  ―  hūxī jícù  ―  to have laboured breathing

   呼吸新鮮空氣／呼吸新鲜空气  ―  hūxī xīnxiān kōngqì  ―  to breathe in fresh air

   停止呼吸  ―  tíngzhǐ hūxī  ―  to stop breathing

   已經沒有了呼吸／已经没有了呼吸  ―  yǐjīng méiyǒu le hūxī  ―  to be no longer breathing

Synonyms

edit

• 吸氣 / 吸气 (xīqì, “to inhale”)
• 呼氣 / 呼气 (hūqì, “to exhale”)
• 喘氣 / 喘气 (chuǎnqì, “to pant or, in Hokkien, to breathe”)
• 嗍氣 / 嗍气 (“to inhale”) (Taishanese)
• 透氣 / 透气 (tòuqì, “to breathe in fresh air”)

Dialectal synonyms of 呼吸 (“to breathe”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		呼吸
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	呼吸
	Singapore	呼吸
Cantonese	Guangzhou	敨氣
	Hong Kong	敨氣
	Taishan	敨氣
	Singapore (Guangfu)	敨氣
Hakka	Meixian	敨氣
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	敨氣
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	敨氣
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	敨氣
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	敨氣
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	敨氣
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	敨氣
Northern Min	Jian'ou	取氣
Southern Min	Xiamen	喘氣
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	喘氣
	Quanzhou	喘氣
	Zhangzhou	喘氣
	Tainan	喘氣
	Penang (Hokkien)	喘氣
	Singapore (Hokkien)	喘氣
	Manila (Hokkien)	喘氣, 呼吸
	Jieyang	敨氣
	Singapore (Teochew)	喘氣

Derived terms

• 上呼吸道 (shànghūxīdào)
• 下呼吸道 (xiàhūxīdào)
• 人工呼吸 (réngōng hūxī)
• 光呼吸作用
• 內呼吸 / 内呼吸
• 呼吸作用 (hūxī zuòyòng)
• 呼吸吐納 / 呼吸吐纳
• 呼吸器 (hūxīqì)
• 呼吸器官
• 呼吸困難 / 呼吸困难 (hūxī kùnnan)
• 呼吸孔
• 呼吸根
• 呼吸相通 (hūxīxiāngtōng)
• 呼吸窘迫 (hūxī jiǒngpò)
• 呼吸系統 / 呼吸系统 (hūxī xìtǒng)
• 呼吸與共 / 呼吸与共
• 呼吸調節中樞 / 呼吸调节中枢
• 呼吸道 (hūxīdào)
• 呼吸運動 / 呼吸运动
• 呼吸音 (hūxīyīn)
• 外呼吸
• 有氧呼吸
• 深呼吸 (shēnhūxī)
• 睡眠呼吸暫停 / 睡眠呼吸暂停 (shuìmián hūxī zàntíng)
• 肺呼吸
• 腹式呼吸

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (呼吸):

• → Japanese: 呼吸(こきゅう) (kokyū)
• → Korean: 호흡(呼吸) (hoheup)
• → Vietnamese: hô hấp (呼吸)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
呼	吸
こ Grade: 6	きゅう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こきゅう [kòkyúú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ko̞kʲɨː]

Noun

呼(こ)吸(きゅう) • (kokyū) ^{←こきふ (kokifu)?}

1. a breath
2. respiration
3. knack; the trick (to something)

Derived terms

• 深呼吸(しんこきゅう) (shinkokyū)
• 呼吸音(こきゅうおん) (kokyūon)
• 過呼吸(かこきゅう) (kakokyū)
• 呼吸困難(こきゅうこんなん) (kokyū konnan)
• 呼吸器(こきゅうき) (kokyūki)

See also

• 吐(は)く (haku)
• 息(いき) (iki)

Verb

呼(こ)吸(きゅう)する • (kokyū suru) ^{←こきふ (kokifu)?}suru (stem 呼(こ)吸(きゅう)し (kokyū shi), past 呼(こ)吸(きゅう)した (kokyū shita))

1. breathe, respire

Conjugation

Conjugation of "呼吸する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	呼吸し	こきゅうし	kokyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	呼吸し	こきゅうし	kokyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	呼吸する	こきゅうする	kokyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	呼吸する	こきゅうする	kokyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	呼吸すれ	こきゅうすれ	kokyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	呼吸せよ¹ 呼吸しろ²	こきゅうせよ¹ こきゅうしろ²	kokyū seyo¹ kokyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	呼吸される	こきゅうされる	kokyū sareru
Causative	呼吸させる 呼吸さす	こきゅうさせる こきゅうさす	kokyū saseru kokyū sasu
Potential	呼吸できる	こきゅうできる	kokyū dekiru
Volitional	呼吸しよう	こきゅうしよう	kokyū shiyō
Negative	呼吸しない	こきゅうしない	kokyū shinai
Negative continuative	呼吸せず	こきゅうせず	kokyū sezu
Formal	呼吸します	こきゅうします	kokyū shimasu
Perfective	呼吸した	こきゅうした	kokyū shita
Conjunctive	呼吸して	こきゅうして	kokyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	呼吸すれば	こきゅうすれば	kokyū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

• “呼吸”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
呼	吸

Noun

呼吸 • (hoheup) (hangeul 호흡)

1. hanja form^? of 호흡 (“breath”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
呼	吸

Verb

呼吸

1. chữ Hán form of hô hấp (“to breathe”)