由

See also: 田, 甲, 申, 甶, and 甴

Translingual

Han character

由 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 5060₀, composition ⿻日丨 or ⿻囗十)

Derived characters

• 柚

Descendants

• ゆ
• ユ

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
• Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
• Unihan data for U+7531

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		由

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 由
Western Zhou
Bronze inscriptions

Characters in the same phonetic series (由) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
袖	*ljɯwɢs
岫	*ljɯwɢs
牰	*ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs
抽	*l̥ʰɯw
妯	*l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ
紬	*l'ɯw
怞	*l'ɯw
鮋	*l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw
菗	*rlɯw
宙	*l'ɯwɢs
胄	*l'ɯwɢs
冑	*l'ɯwɢs
伷	*l'ɯwɢs
駎	*l'ɯwɢs
油	*lɯw, *lɯwɢs
由	*lɯw
蚰	*lɯw
秞	*lɯw
邮	*lɯw
釉	*lɯwɢs
柚	*lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ
鼬	*lɯwɢs
苖	*l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ
笛	*l'ɯːwɢ
迪	*l'ɯːwɢ
頔	*l'ɯːwɢ
軸	*l'ɯwɢ
舳	*l'ɯwɢ

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 遊?”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yóu (you²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù
• Northern Min (KCR): iǔ
• Eastern Min (BUC): iù
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iu⁵

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yóu
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yóu
    • Wade–Giles: yu²
    • Yale: yóu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
    • Palladius: ю (ju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jau⁴
    • Yale: yàuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yeo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
    • Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǔ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: iù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû
    • Tâi-lô: iû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iuu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /iu²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iu²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iu⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁵/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 由
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou³⁵/
	Harbin	/iou²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iou⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iou⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/iou⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iou²⁴/
	Xining	/iɯ²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iou⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/iəu²¹³/
	Chengdu	/iəu³¹/
	Guiyang	/iəu²¹/
	Kunming	/iəu³¹/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iɯ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦiɤ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɤ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiø²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/jau³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/iu⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/iu⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu¹³/
	Xiangtan	/iəɯ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu²¹/
	Nanning	/jɐu²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ieu⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ziu³¹/

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• Middle Chinese: yuw

Rime
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以周切
Baxter	yuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/jiu/
Shao Rongfen	/iəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juw/
Li Rong	/iu/
Wang Li	/jĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l[u]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yóu
Middle Chinese	‹ yuw ›
Old Chinese	/*l[u]/
English	follow; from
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	由
Reading #	1/1
No.	15526
Phonetic component	由
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	猷
Old Chinese	/*lɯw/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 由

1. cause; reason
2. from

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 由 – see 甴. (This character is a variant form of 甴).

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

由

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. cause, reason
2. from, arising from

Readings

• Go-on: ゆ (yu, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ゆい (yui, Jōyō ^†)
• Kun: よし (yoshi, 由, Jōyō); よる (yoru, 由る); より (yori, 由り)

Compounds

• 自由(じゆう) (jiyū): freedom
• 自由度(じゆうど) (jiyūdo): flexibility
• 由来(ゆらい) (yurai): origin

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Korean

Hanja

由 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 由 (do, dô, ro, sân)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.