自然

Chinese

		from; self; oneself from; self; oneself; since	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (自然)		自	然
simp. #(自然)		自	然

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 自(し)然(ぜん) (shizen), which was in turn a semantic readaptation of Chinese 自然 (zìrán, “like self”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zìrán

  (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄖㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zi⁶ jin⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-yèn / chhṳ-yàn
• Eastern Min (BUC): cê̤ṳ-iòng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chū-liân / chīr-liân / chū-jiân / chī-liân

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶zy-zoe

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zìrán → zìran (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄖㄢˊ → ㄗˋ ˙ㄖㄢ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: zìhrån
    • Wade–Giles: tzŭ⁴-jan⁵
    • Yale: dz̀-ran
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyh.ran
    • Palladius: цзыжань (czyžanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/ → /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʐän¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 自然 自燃

Note: zìran - only when meaning "at ease".

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: zi⁶ jin⁴
    • Yale: jih yìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzi⁶ jin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ji⁶ yin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː²² jiːn²¹/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 自然 自燃

• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yèn
    • Hakka Romanization System: cii ienˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ci⁴ yan²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ i̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-yàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: cii (r)ianˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ci⁴ yan²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ (j)i̯an¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cê̤ṳ-iòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-liân
    • Tâi-lô: tsū-liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zuxlieen
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ liɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-liân
    • Tâi-lô: tsīr-liân
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-jiân
    • Tâi-lô: tsū-jiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zuxjieen
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ d͡ziɛn¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ ziɛn²³/
  • (Hokkien: Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chī-liân
    • Tâi-lô: tsī-liân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: cixlieen
    • IPA (Philippines): /t͡si⁴¹⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶zy-zoe
    • MiniDict: zy^去 zoe
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zr-zoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²² zø⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: dzijH nyen

Rime
Character	自	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	疾二切	如延切
Baxter	dzijH	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziɪH/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ziH/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjɪH/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ziH/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/d͡ziH/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/d͡ziH/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱiH/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zì	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi6	jin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s  [n]a[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids  njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	自	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zì	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ dzijH ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*s.[b]i[t]-s/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	self (adv.)	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	自	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	17879	10756
Phonetic component	自	肰
Rime group	至	元
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	自	然
Old Chinese	/*ɦljids/	/*njen/

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 自然

1. nature; the natural world

   愛護自然／爱护自然  ―  àihù zìrán  ―  to cherish nature

   親近自然／亲近自然  ―  qīnjìn zìrán  ―  to get close to nature

Adjective

(deprecated template usage) 自然

1. natural; of or relating to nature

   自然美麗／自然美丽  ―  zìrán měilì  ―  natural beauty

2. natural; at ease; without strain

Usage notes

To describe things literally produced by nature, use the attributive 天然 (tiānrán) instead.

Adverb

(deprecated template usage) 自然

1. naturally; in a natural manner
2. naturally; of course; as a matter of course

Conjunction

1. admittedly

Derived terms

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
自	然
し Grade: 2	ぜん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Adjectival noun

自(し)然(ぜん) • (shizen) -na (adnominal 自(し)然(ぜん)な (shizen na), adverbial 自(し)然(ぜん)に (shizen ni))

1. natural
2. spontaneous

Inflection

Inflection of 自然

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	自然だろ	しぜんだろ	shizen daro
Continuative (連用形)	自然で	しぜんで	shizen de
Terminal (終止形)	自然だ	しぜんだ	shizen da
Attributive (連体形)	自然な	しぜんな	shizen na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	自然なら	しぜんなら	shizen nara
Imperative (命令形)	自然であれ	しぜんであれ	shizen de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	自然ではない 自然じゃない	しぜんではない しぜんじゃない	shizen de wa nai shizen ja nai
Informal past	自然だった	しぜんだった	shizen datta
Informal negative past	自然ではなかった 自然じゃなかった	しぜんではなかった しぜんじゃなかった	shizen de wa nakatta shizen ja nakatta
Formal	自然です	しぜんです	shizen desu
Formal negative	自然ではありません 自然じゃありません	しぜんではありません しぜんじゃありません	shizen de wa arimasen shizen ja arimasen
Formal past	自然でした	しぜんでした	shizen deshita
Formal negative past	自然ではありませんでした 自然じゃありませんでした	しぜんではありませんでした しぜんじゃありませんでした	shizen de wa arimasen deshita shizen ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	自然で	しぜんで	shizen de
Conditional	自然なら（ば）	しぜんなら（ば）	shizen nara (ba)
Provisional	自然だったら	しぜんだったら	shizen dattara
Volitional	自然だろう	しぜんだろう	shizen darō
Adverbial	自然に	しぜんに	shizen ni
Degree	自然さ	しぜんさ	shizensa

Adverb

自(し)然(ぜん) • (shizen) 

1. naturally
2. spontaneously
3. rarely
4. coincidentally

Noun

自(し)然(ぜん) • (shizen) 

1. nature
   • 2016 April 23, “[重](じゅう)[力](りょく)の[変](へん)[容](よう) [Gravitational Shift]”, in エルドラージ覚醒 [Eldrazi Awakening], Wizards of the Coast:

     エルドラージは目(め)覚(ざ)めると、ゼンディカーの自(し)然(ぜん)の勢(せい)力(りょく)全(すべ)てに対(たい)して己(おのれ)の支(し)配(はい)を再(ひたた)び知(し)らしめようとした。

     Erudorāji wa mezameru to, Zendikā no shizen no seiryoku subete ni taishite onore no shihai o hitatabi shirashimeyō to shita.

     As they awakened, the Eldrazi reasserted their mastery over all of Zendikar’s natural forces.

2. spontaneity

See also

• 天地(てんち) (tenchi): heaven and earth
• 宇宙(うちゅう) (uchū): the universe
• 世界(せかい) (sekai): the world
• 万象(ばんしょう) (banshō): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature
• 万物(ばんぶつ) (banbutsu): all things, all of the universe, every manifestation of nature

Descendants

• Chinese: 自然 (zìrán)
• Korean: 자연 (jayeon)
• Vietnamese: tự nhiên

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

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Korean

Hanja in this term
自	然

Noun

自然 • (jayeon) (hangeul 자연)

1. Hanja form^? of 자연 (“nature”).

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Okinawan

Etymology

• Cognate with Japanese 自然 (shizen).

Noun

自然 (hiragana しじん, romaji shijin)

1. nature

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Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
自	然

Noun

自然

1. Template:han tu form of

Adjective

自然

1. Template:han tu form of

Adverb

自然

1. Template:han tu form of