Appendix:Proto-Cariban reconstructions
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Proto-Cariban reconstructions:[1][2]
Gildea (2007, 2012)[edit]
| gloss | Proto-Carib}} |
|---|---|
| sun | *titi |
| moon | *nunô |
| water (n) | *tuna |
| sunlight | *awatinɨ |
| star | *tirikô |
| DESIDERATIVE | *(CV)te |
| sand | *saka(w) |
| sand | *samutu |
| body | *jamun |
| flesh, meat, body | *punu |
| meat food | *ôtɨ |
| water | *paru |
| rain | *konopo |
| person | *karipona |
| man | *wôkɨrɨ |
| husband | *nɨjo, *mɨjo |
| eye | *ônu-ru |
| ear | *pana-rɨ |
| nose | *ôwna-rɨ |
| mouth | *mɨta-rɨ |
| lip | *ôtipi-rɨ |
| saliva | *ôtaku |
| tooth | *(j)ô-rɨ |
| tongue | *nuru |
| one | *tôwinô |
| two | *atjôkô(nô/ne) |
| head | *pu-tupô |
| forehead | *pe-rɨ |
| leg | *pôre(-pɨ/pa) |
| foot | *pupu-ru |
| heel | *pu(pu)-tôpu |
| sole of foot | *pɨta |
| knee | *ôtjôkumu-ru |
| neck | *pɨmɨ-rɨ |
| breast | *manatɨ-rɨ |
| chest | *puropɨ-rɨ |
| buttocks | *pupɨtɨkɨ |
| cheek | *peta |
| forest | *jutu |
| inside | *tawô |
| to bite | *ôteka |
| to give; to put | *utu |
| hand | *ômija-rɨ, *amo-rɨ |
| to do; to make; to put | *(tɨ)rɨ, *(t)ɨrɨ |
| to gift O (with something) | *ekarama |
| to put away | *arama |
| belly | *wetVpu |
| belly | *(e)wenɨ |
| heart (guts); chest | *ôwanô |
| liver | *ôre |
| to close (tr. v) | *apuru |
| to descend | *wɨpɨtô |
| to see | *ône |
| to hear | *ôta |
| to know (tr. v) | *putu |
| to know (postp) | *warô |
| to sleep | *wônɨkɨ |
| to sleep | *wetu(mɨ) |
| to shoot; to kill | *(tɨ)wô, *(t)wô(nô) |
| drink (noun) | *woku-ru |
| to drink | *ônɨrɨ |
| to eat (intr. v) | *ôt-ôku |
| to eat fruit | *ônapɨ |
| to eat meat | *(t)ônô |
| to eat flour/bread | *(t)ôku |
| to eat nuts | *aku |
| to grate (manioc) | *(tɨ)kɨ |
| to bathe (O) | *(tɨ)pɨ |
| to weave | *(tɨ)kapɨ |
| to cook; to boil | *(tɨ)jô |
| to take; to pull out/away | *(t)ôwɨ |
| to throw out | *(tɨ)papo |
| to gather fruit | *(tɨ)pôtɨ |
| fire | *wepeto |
| fire | *mapoto |
| ash | *wôreiCV |
| to light fire | *(t)urô |
| to burn (intr. v) | *jatu |
| to burn (tr. v) | *uk(w)a |
| to fell tree/farm | *(tɨ)ma |
| to go | *(wɨ-)tô(mô) |
| to come | *(w)ôtepɨ |
| to come | *(w)ômôkɨ |
| to say | *(wɨ)ka(ti) |
| to be; to say | *a(p) |
| to dwell; to be | *(w)eti |
| to enter | *(w)ômô(mi) |
| REFLEXIVE | *(w)e- |
| RECIPROCAL | *(w)ôte- |
| beak | *potɨ-rɨ |
| earth | *nono |
| cloud | *kapurutu |
| rope | *ôwa(-rɨ) |
| hot | *atu(NV) |
| cold | *atono |
| cold | *t-ɨnotɨ-me |
| good | *kure |
| hard | *akɨpɨ |
| snake | *ôkôju |
| path | *ôtema(-rɨ) |
| mountain | *(w)ɨpɨ |
| older brother | *pipi |
| grandchild | *pa-rɨ |
| faeces | *wetɨ, *watô |
| to defecate | *weka |
| child | *mure |
| shoulder | *mota-rɨ |
| thigh | *petɨ |
| hair | *(e)tipotɨ(-rɨ) |
| to cut | *akôtô |
| to take; to carry | *arô |
| to seize | *apôti |
| 1SG | *ôwɨ-rô |
| 2SG | *ômô-rô |
| 2COLL | *ôm-jamo |
| 1INCL | *kɨnmô-rô |
| 1INCL | *kɨwɨ-rô |
| 1INCL.COLL | *kɨC-jamo |
| 1EXCL | *apina |
| this (INAN) | *(t)ônɨ |
| this (INAN) | *(t)ôrô |
| this (ANIM) | *môtjô |
| this (ANIM COLL) | *môtj-jamo |
| that (INAN) | *mônɨ |
| that (INAN) | *môrô |
| that (ANIM) | *môkɨ-rô |
| that (ANIM COLL) | *môk-jamo |
| who? | *onôkɨ |
| all | *ômerô |
| grease; fat | *katɨ |
| to grow | *atɨta, *anɨta |
| thick | *tɨpɨtɨ-ma |
| AUGMENTATIVE | *imô |
| small | *pitikô |
| woman | *wôrɨti |
| woman | *pɨtɨ |
| fish | *kana |
| jaguar | *akôrô |
| jaguar | *kaikuti |
| louse | *(w)ajamô |
| tree | *wewe, *jeje |
| branch | *ekata |
| arm | *apô-rɨ |
| seed | *ôpɨ(-tɨpô) |
| seed | *a-tɨpô |
| seed; contents | *a-rɨ(-rɨ) |
| seed | *ôna-tɨpô |
| leaf | *jare |
| root | *mitɨ |
| bark, skin | *pitupô |
| blood | *munu-ru |
| red | *t-a(k)pi-re |
| white | *t-a-(re)mutu-ne |
| black | *t-puru-me/ke |
| night | *koko |
| nightfall (intr. v) | *koko-mamɨ |
| bone | *j-ôtîpî-rî |
| egg | *pumo |
| horn | *retɨ-rɨ |
| tail; penis | *arokɨ |
| scrotum; testicle | *ômu(-ru) |
| feather | *apôri-rɨ |
| name | *ôtetɨ |
| ant | *iraka |
| ant | *kɨjawôko |
| ant | *juku |
| ant | *mɨkakô |
| ant | *(n)mapu(nu) |
| bow | *wɨrapa-rɨ |
| deer | *(wɨ)kapawu |
| deer | *karijakô |
| grandfather | *tamo(ko) |
| heavy | *amôti-ma/-ne |
| to sit | *erew-ta/-ma |
| lightning | *manan manan |
| howler monkey | *arimi |
| monkey | *itjo |
| rib | *awo-tɨ |
| to roast | *puru, *purô |
| to run | *ekatu(mɨ) |
| shadow | *amore-rɨ |
| shadow | *ôkatu |
| short | *tɨntɨ-tjô |
| to talk; to converse | *ôt-uru |
| spider | *mojoti |
| spider | *tjawaraka(ru) |
| to tie | *(m)ômô |
| today; now | *amenarô |
| tomorrow | *koropo |
| vagina | *ôrɨ |
| to wait | *mômôku |
| high | *kawô |
| sun | *weju |
| 1SG | *u- |
| 3SG | *i- |
| stone | *tôpu |
| person | *wɨtoto |
| to find | *eporɨ |
| to descend | *ôpinô |
| to pierce | *atpo |
References[edit]
- ^ Gildea, S. & Payne, D. (2007). Is Greenberg's "Macro-Carib" viable? In Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, Belém, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 19-72. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.
- ^ Gildea, S. (2012). Linguistic studies in the Cariban family. In Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide. 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.