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z-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: Appendix: Variations of "z"

Translingual

Prefix

z-

(SI prefix) Abbreviation of English zepto- (“10⁻²¹”)
Coordinate term: Z-

English

Prefix

z-

(computer graphics) z-axis

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with z-

Albanian

Alternative forms

zh-

Etymology

From Early Proto-Albanian *dis- > *diš- > *dš- > *tš- > s- before unvoiced phonemes, z- before voiced phonemes. It is mainly connected with the formation of verbs.^[1]^[2]

Prefix

z-

be-, to-, dis-

Derived terms

Albanian terms prefixed with z-

References

^ Schumacher, S. & Matzinger, J. Die Verben des Altalbanischen. Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie. Harrassowitz Verlag 2013. Wiesbaden.
^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (2000), A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎^[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

Czech

Etymology

z used as a prefix.

Prefix

z-

a prefix, to form perfective verbs
a prefix, indicating a change of state

Derived terms

Czech terms prefixed with z-

See also

ze-

Further reading

z-/ze- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Kashubian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź

Proto-Slavic *jьz

Proto-Slavic *jьz-

Proto-Indo-European *sem-

Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?

Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)

Kashubian z-

Coalescence of Proto-Slavic *jьz- and Proto-Slavic *sъ-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z/

Prefix

z-

used to form the perfect aspect of verbs
added to verbs in various meanings

Derived terms

Kashubian terms prefixed with z-

Maltese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡s/

Article

z-

alternative form of il-

Usage notes

Used after a vowel and before the letter z. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Navajo

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z-/

Prefix

z-

alternative form of si-, which marks third person of si-perfective verbs

Usage notes

This form of the affix is used with ∅- classifier verbs.

Old Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /s/, /s/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /s/, /s/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź

Proto-Slavic *jьz

Proto-Slavic *jьz-

Proto-Indo-European *sem-

Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?

Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)

Old Polish z-

Coalescence of Proto-Slavic *jьz- and Proto-Slavic *sъ-.

Prefix

z-

attached to verbs to form verbs denoting getting something together
down from
forms perfective verbs from imperfective ones
off, out or from

Descendants

Polish: z-
Silesian: z-

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *su-

Proto-Slavic *sъ-

Old Polish z-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ- (“good”).

Prefix

z-

(chiefly not productive) forms words with positive meanings

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with z-

Descendants

Polish: z-
Silesian: z-

Polish

Alternative forms

s-, ś-, ze-

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -z
Syllabification: z-
Homophones: s-, z

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź

Proto-Slavic *jьz

Proto-Slavic *jьz-

Proto-Indo-European *sem-

Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?

Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)

Old Polish z-

Polish z-

Inherited from Old Polish z-.

Prefix

z-

used before vowels or voiced consonants, sibilants (s, sz, z, ż), as well as h and semivowels (j, ł) to form a verb in a perfective aspect from a verb in an imperfective aspect.
‎z- + ‎decydować → ‎zdecydować

‎z- + ‎dzielać → ‎zdzielać

‎z- + ‎denerwować → ‎zdenerwować

‎z- + ‎gnieść → ‎zgnieść

‎z- + ‎hańbić → ‎zhańbić

‎z- + ‎irytować → ‎zirytować

‎z- + ‎jeść → ‎zjeść

‎z- + ‎łamać → ‎złamać

‎z- + ‎martwić → ‎zmartwić

‎z- + ‎niszczyć → ‎zniszczyć

‎z- + ‎orientować → ‎zorientować

‎z- + ‎ranić → ‎zranić

‎z- + ‎robić → ‎zrobić

‎z- + ‎szokować → ‎zszokować

‎z- + ‎wiedzić → ‎zwiedzić
off, out or from
‎z- + ‎jąć (“take”) → ‎zdjąć (“take off”)

‎z- + ‎rwać (“tear”) → ‎zerwać (“tear off”)

‎z- + ‎pod (“under”) → ‎spód (“bottom”), spod (“from under”)
attached to verbs to form verbs denoting getting something together
‎z- + ‎brać → ‎zebrać

‎z- + ‎prowadzić → ‎sprowadzić

‎z- + ‎pisać → ‎spisać

‎z- + ‎grać → ‎zgrać

‎z- + ‎szyć → ‎zszyć

‎z- + ‎łączyć → ‎złączyć
down from
‎z- + ‎jazda → ‎zjazd

‎z- + ‎nosić → ‎znosić

‎z- + ‎iść → ‎zejść

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁wes-

Proto-Indo-European *h₁wésus?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-?

Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *su-

Proto-Slavic *sъ-

Old Polish z-

Polish z-

Inherited from Old Polish z-.

Prefix

z-

(not productive) forms words with positive meaning
‎z- + ‎część + ‎-e → ‎szczęście

‎z- + ‎pokój → ‎spokój

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with z-

zabsolutyzować

zadiektywizować

zadministrować

zalgorytmizować

zamerykanizować

zantagonizować

zautomatyzować

zautonomizować

zbagatelizować

zbiurokratyzować

zdehumanizować

zdekomunizować

zdemoralizować

zdenazyfikować

zdeprecjonować

zdestabilizować

zdezaktualizować

zdezorganizować

zdezorientować

zdyskredytować

zdywersyfikować

zdziesiątkować

Slovak

Alternative forms

zo-

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz-. See z.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z/, [z]

Prefix

z-

together (verbal prefix denoting joining, gathering, or bringing things together)
‎z- + ‎isť → ‎zísť (“to meet up; to come together”)

‎z- + ‎lepiť → ‎zlepiť (“to glue together”)

‎z- + ‎miešať → ‎zmiešať (“to mix together”)

‎z- + ‎viazať → ‎zviazať (“to tie together”)
down (verbal prefix denoting movement from top to bottom or from a surface)
‎z- + ‎isť → ‎zísť (“to descend; to go down”)

‎z- + ‎hodiť → ‎zhodiť (“to throw down; to drop”)

‎z- + ‎liezť → ‎zliezť (“to climb down”)
verbal prefix denoting a change of state or the acquisition of a quality
‎z- + ‎blázon + ‎-ieť → ‎zbláznieť (“to go crazy”)

‎z- + ‎drahý + ‎-ieť → ‎zdražieť (“to become expensive”)

‎z- + ‎vlhký + ‎-núť → ‎zvlhnúť (“to get damp”)
verbal prefix denoting a change of state caused by an action (factitive/causative)
‎z- + ‎drahý + ‎-iť → ‎zdražiť (“to make more expensive”)

‎z- + ‎jemný + ‎-iť → ‎zjemniť (“to soften; to refine”)

‎z- + ‎jednoduchý + ‎-iť → ‎zjednodušiť (“to simplify”)
verbal prefix denoting upward movement, increase in volume, or a sudden flaring up
‎z- + ‎bĺknuť → ‎zbĺknuť (“to burst into flames”)

‎z- + ‎dvihnúť → ‎zdvihnúť (“to lift up; to raise”)

‎z- + ‎volať → ‎zvolať (“to exclaim; to cry out”)
(rare) verbal prefix denoting a change or deviation in movement
‎z- + ‎bočiť → ‎zbočiť (“to swerve; to turn aside”)
verbal prefix used as a delimitative, denoting a brief action, sound, or movement
‎z- + ‎-driemnuť → ‎zdriemnuť (“to take a nap”)

‎z- + ‎hrmieť → ‎zhrmieť (“to thunder once”)

‎z- + ‎výsknuť → ‎zvýsknuť (“to let out a shriek of joy”)
verbal prefix denoting a resultative action or the full completion of a process
‎z- + ‎automatický + ‎-izovať → ‎zautomatizovať (“to automate”)

‎z- + ‎jesť → ‎zjesť (“to eat up”)

‎z- + ‎mrznúť → ‎zmrznúť (“to freeze solid”)
verbal prefix serving as a pure perfective aspect marker
‎z- + ‎miznúť → ‎zmiznúť (“to disappear (perfective)”)

‎z- + ‎desiť → ‎zdesiť (“to be terrified (perfective)”)
verbal prefix used redundantly or adding little new meaning to the base verb
‎z- + ‎raniť → ‎zraniť (“to injure”)

Derived terms

Slovak terms prefixed with z-

Further reading

Peciar, Štefan, editor (1959–1968), “z-”, in Slovník slovenského jazyka [Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–6 (A – Ž; Doplnky, Dodatky), Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo SAV, →OCLC

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *sъ(n). Prefixed form of the preposition z.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z-/

Prefix

z-

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
1. (no change in meaning)
  ‎z- + ‎budīti (“to wake”) → ‎zbudīti (“to wake”)
2. away, aside, down
  ‎z- + ‎téči (“to run”) → ‎stéči (“to run away”)
3. up
  ‎z- + ‎lẹ́sti (“to climb”) → ‎zlẹ́sti (“to climb up”)
4. together
  ‎z- + ‎varīti (“to weld”) → ‎zvarīti (“to weld together”)

Usage notes

Before voiceless consonants, the variant s- is used. Before the sibilants s or z, the variant se- is used.

Derived terms

Slovene terms prefixed with z-

Slovincian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *iź

Proto-Slavic *jьz

Proto-Slavic *jьz-

Proto-Indo-European *sem-

Proto-Indo-European *sm̥-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *san?

Proto-Indo-European *ḱe

Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm?

Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)

Slovincian z-

Coalescence of Proto-Slavic *jьz- and Proto-Slavic *sъ-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /z/

Prefix

z-

forms perfective verbs from imperfective ones

Derived terms

Slovincian terms prefixed with z-

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