染

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染 U+67D3, 染
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67D3
← 柒
[U+67D2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柔 →
[U+67D4]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

染 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水弓木 (END), four-corner 34904, composition ⿱氿木(GJKV) or ⿱氿𣎳(HT))

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 519, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14621
  • Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1188, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+67D3

Chinese[edit]

trad. 染
simp. # 染

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 染
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script

s08351

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35510

L18800

L18797

L18798

L18799

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氵 (“water”) + 九 (“hook”) + 木 (“tree”) – to hang (on a hook 九) from a tree (木) into water (氵), so as to dye.

Earlier forms more often graphically 氵 + 杂; in the modern form, the water radical is moved upward to the upper-left corner.

Etymology[edit]

Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཉམས་པ (nyams pa, “be stained, tarnished, spoiled”); Pan (1987) also notes Proto-Tai *ɲuɔmᴬ as well as Vietnamese nhuộm, both meaning "to dye".

Schuessler (2007) cites Downer (1986)'s opinion that form with 上 (shàng) tone is the verb, while form with 去 (qù) tone is the noun meaning "kind of cloth" (Lǐjì).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • liám/jiám - literary;
  • ní - vernacular.
Note:
  • riam2 - literary;
  • ni2 - vernacular.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 染
    Mandarin Beijing /ʐan²¹⁴/
    Harbin /ʐan²¹³/
    Tianjin /ian¹³/
    /ʐan¹³/
    Jinan /ʐã⁵⁵/
    Qingdao /iã⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /ʐan⁵³/
    Xi'an /ʐã⁵³/
    Xining /ʐã⁵³/
    Yinchuan /ʐan⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ʐɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
    Ürümqi /ʐan⁵¹/
    Wuhan /nan⁴²/
    Chengdu /zan⁵³/
    Guiyang /zan⁴²/
    Kunming /ʐã̠⁵³/
    Nanjing /ʐaŋ²¹²/
    Hefei /ʐæ̃²⁴/
    /ʐən²⁴/
    Jin Taiyuan /zæ̃⁵³/
    Pingyao /ʐɑŋ⁵³/
    Hohhot /ʐæ̃⁵³/
    Wu Shanghai /ȵi²³/
    /zø²³/
    Suzhou /ȵiɪ³¹/
    Hangzhou /zz̩ʷõ¹³/
    Wenzhou /ȵi³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /ne³⁵/
    Tunxi /ȵiɛ²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /yẽ⁴¹/
    Xiangtan /iẽ⁴²/
    Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋiam⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ŋiɑm⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jim²³/
    Nanning /jim²⁴/
    Hong Kong /jim¹³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liam⁵³/
    /ni⁵³/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /nieŋ³²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /niŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ziam⁵³/
    /nĩ⁵³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /zam²¹³/
    /ni²¹³/
    Rime
    Character 染 染
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 日 (38) 日 (38)
    Final (韻) 鹽 (153) 鹽 (153)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) III III
    Fanqie 而琰切 而豔切
    Baxter nyemX nyemH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ȵiᴇmX/ /ȵiᴇmH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ȵiɛmX/ /ȵiɛmH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ȵʑjæmX/ /ȵʑjæmH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ȵiamX/ /ȵiamH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ȵiɛmX/ /ȵiɛmH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ȵʑĭɛmX/ /ȵʑĭɛmH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ȵʑi̯ɛmX/ /ȵʑi̯ɛmH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		rǎn ràn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jim5 jim6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 染
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		rǎn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nyemX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.n[a]mʔ/
    English to dye

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 染 染
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 10790 10791
    Phonetic
    component         		染 染
    Rime
    group         		談 談
    Rime
    subdivision         		3 3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		冉 染
    Old
    Chinese         		/*njomʔ/ /*njoms/

    Definitions[edit]

    染

    1. to dye
      把頭髮染成棕色／把头发染成棕色  ―  bǎ tóufà rǎn chéng zōngsè  ―  to dye one's hair brown
    2. to catch (a disease); to fall into (a bad habit)
      染上破傷風／染上破伤风  ―  rǎn shàng pòshāngfēng  ―  to get tetanus
    3. a surname: Ran

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    染

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. dye, color, paint, stain, print

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 染 (MC nyemX|nyemH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jɘ(ː)m]
    • Phonetic hangul: [염(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    染 (eumhun 물들일 염 (muldeuril yeom))

    1. Hanja form? of 염 (“dye”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    染: Hán Nôm readings: nhuộm, nhẹm, nhiễm, nhuốm, ruộm, vẩn

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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