敢
|
Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
Mainland China |
Alternative forms
[edit]- In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
- In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
Han character
[edit]敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))
Derived characters
[edit]- 㒈, 噉, 𡑒, 㜟, 𢕭, 㦑, 撖, 澉, 㺖, 䧩, 𣊟, 橄, 瞰, 𥕵, 𥼲, 𦗪, 𦪧, 𧗐, 譀, 豃, 𧸂, 𨅺, 𮡜, 𨬒(𰾳), 𩍉, 䭛, 䲎, 𪉿(𬸹), 𡪯, 𭗐, 䆻, 𥴊, 𫶔, 憨, 饏, 𠣽, 𭅞, 𠪚, 𤺍, 嚴/𫿞(厳/严), 闞(阚), 鬫
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
- Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6562
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 敢 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 敢 | |
2nd round simp. | 攼 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 敢 | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Warring States | |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script |
In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.
In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 爫, making the character look like a phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *klaːmʔ) : semantic 爭 (“fight”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).
The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𠭖. Afterwards, the right half corrupted further into the modern ⿱𠃍耳.
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gan3
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gon3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): gan2
- Northern Min (KCR): gǒ̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): gāng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5koe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǎn
- Wade–Giles: kan3
- Yale: gǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaan
- Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kän²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gan3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gan
- Sinological IPA (key): /kan⁵³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gam2
- Yale: gám
- Cantonese Pinyin: gam2
- Guangdong Romanization: gem2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: gam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kam⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gon3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɵn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
- Hakka Romanization System: gamˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam3
- Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám / kam
- Hakka Romanization System: gamˋ / gam
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam3 / gam4
- Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/, /kam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: gan2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kæ̃⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǒ̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gāng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiám
- Tâi-lô: kiám
- Phofsit Daibuun: kiarm
- IPA (Xiamen): /kiam⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kán
- Tâi-lô: kán
- Phofsit Daibuun: karn
- IPA (Xiamen): /kan⁵³/
- káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
- kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
- kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 敢 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kan²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /kan²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /kan¹³/ | |
Jinan | /kã⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /kã⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kan⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /kã⁵³/ | |
Xining | /kã⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kan⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /kan⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /kan⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /kan⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /kan⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /kã̠⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /kaŋ²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /kæ̃²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kæ̃⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /kɑŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /kæ̃⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kø³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /kø⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /kẽ̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ky³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kɛ³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /kɛ³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kan⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /kan⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kɵn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kam³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kɑm³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐm³⁵/ |
Nanning | /kam³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kɐm³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kam⁵³/ /kã⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kɔŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kã⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ka²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kamX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤamʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*klaːmʔ/
Definitions
[edit]敢
- bold; brave; daring
- to dare (to); to venture (to)
- to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
- (polite) may I venture
- (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
- alt. forms: 豈/岂 (qǐ)
- 敢通按呢? [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― How could it be like this?
- (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
- (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
- alt. forms: 咁 (hán), 甘 (gān), 干
- 你敢有閒?/你敢有闲? [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Are you free?
Synonyms
[edit]- (can it be possible that):
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 莫非, 豈, 莫不是 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難道, 難不成, 甭 |
Taiwan | 難道, 難不成 | |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 難說 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔通 |
Hong Kong | 唔通 | |
Taishan | 唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估 | |
Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 敢, 總無 |
Quanzhou | 敢, 總無, 攏無 | |
Zhangzhou | 敢, 總無 | |
Tainan | 敢 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 敢 | |
Shantou | 未是 | |
Jieyang | 未是, 敢, 敢是 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 只勿 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 難算得 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 冇過 |
See also
[edit]- 肯 (kěn)
Compounds
[edit]- 不敢 (bùgǎn)
- 不敢出氣/不敢出气
- 不敢則聲/不敢则声
- 不敢告勞/不敢告劳
- 不敢吭聲/不敢吭声
- 不敢妄言
- 不敢後人/不敢后人
- 不敢從命/不敢从命
- 不敢欺
- 不敢當/不敢当 (bùgǎndāng)
- 何敢 (hégǎn)
- 到敢
- 勇敢 (yǒnggǎn)
- 勇猛果敢
- 怕敢
- 愧不敢當/愧不敢当
- 敢且
- 敢作敢為/敢作敢为 (gǎnzuògǎnwéi)
- 敢作敢當/敢作敢当
- 敢保
- 敢做敢當/敢做敢当 (gǎnzuògǎndāng)
- 敢則/敢则
- 敢則是/敢则是
- 敢勇當先/敢勇当先
- 敢只是
- 敢問/敢问 (gǎnwèn)
- 敢待
- 敢怕
- 敢怒而不敢言
- 敢情
- 敢攀玉趾
- 敢於/敢于 (gǎnyú)
- 敢是
- 敢死 (gǎnsǐ)
- 敢死士
- 敢死軍/敢死军 (gǎnsǐjūn)
- 敢死隊/敢死队 (gǎnsǐduì)
- 敢當/敢当 (gǎndāng)
- 敢緊/敢紧
- 敢自 (gǎnzì)
- 敢若 (káⁿ-ná) (Min Nan)
- 敢莫是
- 敢言
- 敢請/敢请
- 未敢 (wèigǎn)
- 果敢 (guǒgǎn)
- 正色敢言
- 石敢當/石敢当 (shígǎndāng)
- 膽敢/胆敢 (dǎngǎn)
- 莫敢是
- 莫敢誰何/莫敢谁何 (mògǎn-shuíhé)
- 豈敢/岂敢 (qǐgǎn)
- 竟敢 (jìnggǎn)
- 鬼子敢爾/鬼子敢尔
Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #8439”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- daring, brave, bold
- sad, tragic, pitiful
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)←かむ (kamu, historical)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)←かむ (kamu, historical)
- Kun: あえて (aete, 敢えて)、あえない (aenai, 敢えない)、あえず (aezu, 敢えず)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
敢 |
かん Grade: S |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]敢: Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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