в-

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Russian

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Alternative forms

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  • во- (vo-)before certain consonant clusters

Etymology

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Inherited from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. The /n/ persists in внять (vnjatʹ). See also в (v), Old East Slavic въ (), Proto-Slavic *vъ(n). Compare the similar development in с- (s-) from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [v] (before vowels and voiced consonants)
  • IPA(key): [f] (before voiceless consonants)

Prefix

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в- (v-)

  1. added to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning 'in' or 'into'
    во- (vo-) + ‎-йти́ (-jtí, to go) → ‎войти́ (vojtí, to go in, to enter)
  2. added with -ся (-sja) to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning of thoroughness or completeness of action
    в- (v-) + ‎чита́ть (čitátʹ, to read) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вчита́ться (včitátʹsja, to read carefully, delving into the content to better understand)
  3. added to adjectives, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the manner of [the adjective]'
    в- (v-) + ‎ручно́й (ručnój, (relational) hand; manual) → ‎вручну́ю (vručnúju, manually (by hand))
  4. added to nouns, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the direction or location of [the noun]'
    в- (v-) + ‎нутро́ (nutró, the inside) → ‎внутри́ (vnutrí, inside)
    в- (v-) + ‎низ (niz, the bottom) → ‎вниз (vniz, downwards)
  5. added to numerals, forms adverbs based on the numeral
    в- (v-) + ‎дво́е (dvóje, two (in a group together)) → ‎вдво́е (vdvóje, twice, by half)
    в- (v-) + ‎дво́е (dvóje, two (in a group together)) → ‎вдвоём (vdvojóm, as a two)

Derived terms

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Ukrainian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ʋ]; before vowels
  • IPA(key): [w]; before б, г, ґ, д, ж, з, л, м, н, р
  • IPA(key): [ʍ]; before к, п, с, т, х, ц, ч, ш, щ
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Etymology 1

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Inherited from Old Ruthenian в-, въ- (v-, v-), from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-.

Alternative forms

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  • вві- (vvi-)
  • уві- (uvi-)
  • у- (u-) (used after consonants or at the beginning of a clause)

Prefix

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в- (v-)

  1. (added to verbs) into, in (indicates inward movement)
    в- (v-) + ‎бі́гти impf (bíhty, to run) → ‎вбі́гти pf (vbíhty, to run in, to run into)
    в- (v-) + ‎нести́ impf (nestý, to carry, to bring) → ‎внести́ pf (vnestý, to carry in, to bring in, to contribute)
    в- (v-) + ‎ключ impf (ključ, key) + ‎-ити (-yty) → ‎включи́ти pf (vključýty, to include, to turn on)
  2. (added to verbs in combination with -ся (-sja)) indicates thoroughness, profoundness
    в- (v-) + ‎чита́ти (čytáty, to read) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вчита́тися pf (včytátysja, to read carefully, study carefully)
    в- (v-) + ‎ду́мати (dúmaty, to think) + ‎-ся (-sja) → ‎вду́матися pf (vdúmatysja, to consider, to think over, to ponder over)
  3. (used to form adverbs) -wise
    в- (v-) + ‎шир (šyr, width, breadth) → ‎вшир (všyr, widthwise, breadthwise)
    в- (v-) + ‎довж (dovž, length) → ‎вдовж (vdovž, lengthwise)
  4. (used to form adverbs) -ward, -wards
    в- (v-) + ‎пере́д (peréd, front) → ‎впере́д (vperéd, forward, forwards)
    в- (v-) + ‎лі́во (lívo, left) → ‎влі́во (vlívo, left, leftward)
    в- (v-) + ‎середи́на (seredýna, middle, center) → ‎всере́дині (vserédyni, inside, inward)
    в- (v-) + ‎гора́ (horá, mountain) → ‎вго́ру (vhóru, up, upward, upwards)
  5. (used to form adverbs) time
    в- (v-) + ‎пе́рший (péršyj, first) + ‎ (-e) → ‎впе́рше (vpérše, first time, for the first time)
    в- (v-) + ‎чотирна́дцятий (čotyrnádcjatyj, fourteenth) + ‎ (-e) → ‎вчотирна́дцяте (včotyrnádcjate, for the fourteenth time)
    в- (v-) + ‎со́тий (sótyj, hundredth) + ‎ (-e) → ‎всо́те (vsóte, for the hundredth time)
  6. (used to form adverbs) -fold, by
    в- (v-) + ‎дві́чі (dvíči, twice) → ‎вдві́чі (vdvíči, twofold, by two)
    в- (v-) + ‎дво́є (dvóje, two of, two) → ‎вдво́є (vdvóje, twofold, by two, in two)
    в- (v-) + ‎десятеро (desjatero, ten of, ten) → ‎вде́сятеро (vdésjatero, tenfold, by ten)
    в- (v-) + ‎полови́на (polovýna, half) → ‎вполови́ну (vpolovýnu, by half)
  7. (used to form adverbs) by, -ly (describes manner in which something is done)
    в- (v-) + ‎плав (plav, swimming, sailing) → ‎вплав (vplav, by swimming, by sailing)
    в- (v-) + ‎роздроби́ти (rozdrobýty, to fragment, to split up) → ‎вро́здріб (vrózdrib, one by one, separately, by retail)
    в- (v-) + ‎лад (lad, order, accord, harmony) → ‎влад (vlad, appropriately, harmoniously, to rhythmically, in accord)
    в- (v-) + ‎ручни́й (ručnýj, manual, hand) → ‎вручну́ (vručnú, by hand, manually)

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Old Ruthenian у-, в- (u-, v-), from Old East Slavic оу-, въ- (u-, vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *u-.

Alternative forms

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Prefix

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в- (v-)

  1. Alternative form of у- (u-) (used after consonants or at the beginning of a clause)

Derived terms

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