劫

See also: 刦

Translingual

Han character

劫 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 4772₀, composition ⿰去力)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
• Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
• Unihan data for U+52AB

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		劫
alternative forms		刧 刦 𠛗 刼／劫 𠉨 刧 刦 𠛗 刼／劫 𠉨 𠞏

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劫
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (去) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
佉	*kʰal
呿	*kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab
抾	*kʰɯ, *kʰɯ, *kʰab
弆	*kaʔ, *kʰaʔ
祛	*kʰa
袪	*kʰa
阹	*kʰa
胠	*kʰa, *kʰas, *kʰab
魼	*kʰa, *kʰl'aːb
去	*kʰaʔ, *kʰas
麮	*kʰaʔ, *kʰas
鼁	*kʰas
砝	*kaːb, *kab
劫	*kab, *kab
鉣	*kab
蜐	*kab, *kab
怯	*kʰab

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)

Etymology

“(Buddhism) disaster”

Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jié (jie²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gip³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiap
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiap

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jié
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jié
    • Wade–Giles: chieh²
    • Yale: jyé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
    • Palladius: цзе (cze)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gip³
    • Yale: gip
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gip⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: gib³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːp̚³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiap
    • Hakka Romanization System: giab`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giab⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯ap̚²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiap
    • Tâi-lô: kiap
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiab
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiap̚⁵/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiap̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiap̚³²/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 劫
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕie¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕie²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/ /t͡ɕie³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰie²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕieʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕieʔ²¹/
	Tunxi	/t͡ɕia⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kiap̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/kiɑp̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kip̚³/
	Nanning	/kip̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/kip̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiap̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kiɛʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kiɛ²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiap̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kiap̚⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: kjaep

Rime
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	業 (147)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居怯切
Baxter	kjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨap̚/
Li Rong	/kiap̚/
Wang Li	/kĭɐp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gip3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)ap/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jié
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæp ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)ap/
English	rob
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	劫	劫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6438	10694
Phonetic component	劫	去
Rime group	盍	盍
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	劫	劫
Old Chinese	/*kab/	/*kab/
Notes	荀子從刀，又譯kalpa	荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 劫

1. to coerce; to compel
2. to rob
3. (Buddhism) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Synonyms

• (to coerce):

(deprecated template usage)

• 勒
• 勒逼 (lèbī)
• 強制／强制 (qiángzhì)
• 強迫／强迫
• 強逼／强逼 (qiǎngbī)
• 押 (Hokkien, Teochew)
• 緊逼／紧逼 (jǐnbī)
• 脅迫／胁迫 (xiépò)
• 迫
• 迫使 (pòshǐ)
• 逼
• 逼迫 (bīpò)

 

• (to disaster):

(deprecated template usage)

• 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
• 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
• 劫煞 (Hokkien)
• 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
• 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
• 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
• 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
• 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
• 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
• 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
• 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
• 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
• 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
• 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
• 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
• 沙𧐔 (Teochew)
• 浩劫 (hàojié)
• 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
• 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
• 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
• 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
• 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
• 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
• 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
• 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
• 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
• 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
• 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
• 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
• 禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
• 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
• 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

 

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Japanese

Kanji

劫

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. intimidate
2. aeon, eon

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō)^{←こふ (kofu, historical)}
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←けふ (kefu, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ごう (gō)^{←ごふ (gofu, historical)}
• Kun: おびやかす (obiyakasu, 劫かす)

Compounds

Compounds

• 劫火(こうか) (kōka)
• 曠劫(こうごう) (kōgō)
• 劫濁(こうじょく) (kōjoku)
• 劫奪(こうだつ) (kōdatsu)
• 劫初(ごうしょ) (gōsho)
• 劫盗(ごうとう) (gōtō)
• 劫末(ごうまつ) (gōmatsu)
• 劫掠(ごうりゃく), 劫略(ごうりゃく) (gōryaku)
• 永劫(えいごう) (eigō)
• 壊劫(えこう) (ekō)
• 億劫(おっこう) (okkō), 億劫(おっくう) (okkū)
• 空劫(くうこう) (kūkō)
• 久遠(くおん)劫(ごう) (kuongō)
• 倶胝(くてい)劫(こう) (kuteikō)
• 減劫(げんこう) (genkō)
• 賢劫(けんごう) (kengō), 賢劫(げんごう) (gengō)
• 五劫(ごこう)思惟(しゆい) (gokō shiyui)
• 三(さん)阿(あ)僧祇(そうぎ)劫(こう) (san a sōgi kō)
• 四劫(しこう) (shikō)
• 住劫(じゅうこう) (jūkō)
• 小劫(しょうこう) (shōkō)
• 成劫(じょうこう) (jōkō), 成劫(じょうごう) (jōgō)
• 塵劫(じんこう) (jinkō), 塵劫(じんごう) (jingō), 塵点(じんでん)劫(ごう) (jindengō)
• 増劫(ぞうこう) (zōkō)
• 多生(たしょう)劫(ごう) (tashōgō)
• 万劫(まんごう) (mangō), 万劫(ばんごう) (bangō)
• 無量(むりょう)劫(ごう) (muryōgō)
• 歴劫(りゃっこう) (ryakkō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
劫
こう Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

Pronunciation 1

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)?}

1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫(こう)を経(へ)る (kō o heru)
• 劫﨟(こうろう), 劫臘(こうろう) (kōrō)
• 億万(おくまん)劫(ごう) (okumangō)
• 時劫(じこう) (jikō)

Proverbs

• 烏賊(いか)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (ika no kō yori toshi no kō)
• 亀(かめ)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (kame no kō yori toshi no kō)

Pronunciation 2

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)?}

1. (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫材(こうざい) (kōzai)
• 劫(こう)立(だ)て (kōdate)
• 劫種(こうだね) (kōdane)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
劫
ごう Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/

Possibly a shift from kō above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

劫(ごう) • (gō) ^{←ごふ (gofu)?}

1. (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 劫罰(ごうばつ) (gōbatsu)
• 時劫(じごう) (jigō)
• 多劫(たごう) (tagō)

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Korean

Hanja

劫 • (geop) (hangeul 겁, revised geop, McCune–Reischauer kŏp)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.