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U+878D, 融
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D

[U+878C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+878E]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 142, +10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 15236, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𧖓

Glyph origin

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *luŋ) : semantic (cauldron) + phonetic (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology

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“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, to burn; to be burnt; to scorch). Related to (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

  • (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
  • (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
  • ṳ̀ng - literary.
Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʐuŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʐuŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /luŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /iŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /yŋ²⁴/
Xining /yə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /yŋ⁵³/
/ʐuŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ỹn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐuŋ⁵¹/
/vɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /ioŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /yoŋ³¹/
Guiyang /ioŋ²¹/
Kunming /ioŋ³¹/
Nanjing /ioŋ²⁴/
Hefei /iŋ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /yəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /yŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦioŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /ɦioŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /joŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /yʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /in⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ioŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /in¹²/
Gan Nanchang /iuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /joŋ²¹/
Nanning /juŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /juŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iɔŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /yŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /œyŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /ioŋ⁵⁵/
/iõ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zɔŋ³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (36)
Final () (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter yuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/jiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/iuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/juwŋ/
Li
Rong
/iuŋ/
Wang
Li
/jĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/i̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jung4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
róng
Middle
Chinese
‹ yuwng ›
Old
Chinese
/*luŋ/ (? < *lum)
English hot air, steam, heat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 1509
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*luŋ/

Definitions

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  1. hot air; steam (during cooking)
  2. to melt
  3. to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
  4. (economics) to circulate
  5. Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. dissolve
  2. melt

Readings

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Compounds

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Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(yung) (hangeul , revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: dung

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.