融

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融 U+878D, 融
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D
← 螌
[U+878C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 螎 →
[U+878E]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 15236, composition ⿰鬲虫)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1092, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 融
alternative forms 𧖓

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (蟲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
痋 *l'uːŋ
鉵 *l'uːŋ
赨 *l'uːŋ
爞 *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ
蟲 *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs
融 *luŋ
瀜 *luŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *luŋ): semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology[edit]

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

  • 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
  • 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
  • ṳ̀ng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 融
    Mandarin Beijing /ʐuŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʐuŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /luŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /iŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʐuŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /yŋ²⁴/
    Xining /yə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /yŋ⁵³/
    /ʐuŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ỹn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʐuŋ⁵¹/
    /vɤŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ioŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /yoŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /ioŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ioŋ³¹/
    Nanjing /ioŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /iŋ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /yəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /yŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /ʐũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦioŋ²³/
    Suzhou /ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ɦioŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /joŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /yʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /in⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ioŋ¹³/
    Xiangtan /in¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /iuŋ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /iuŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ʒuŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /joŋ²¹/
    Nanning /juŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /juŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /iɔŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /yŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /œyŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ioŋ⁵⁵/
    /iõ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /zɔŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 融
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 以 (36)
    Final (韻) 東 (2)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 以戎切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/jɨuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/jiuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/iuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/juwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/iuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/jĭuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/i̯uŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jung4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 融
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		róng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ yuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*luŋ/ (? < *lum)
    English hot air, steam, heat

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 融
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1509
    Phonetic
    component         		蟲
    Rime
    group         		終
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		融
    Old
    Chinese         		/*luŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    融

    1. † hot air; steam (during cooking)
    2. to melt
    3. to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
    4. (economics) to circulate
    5. Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    融

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. dissolve
    2. melt

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    融: Hán Nôm readings: dung

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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