consul

See also: cónsul and cônsul

English

Etymology

From Middle English consul, from Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

Pronunciation

• (UK) enPR: kŏnʹsəl, IPA^(key): /ˈkɒn.səl/
• (General American) enPR: kŏnʹsəl, IPA^(key): /ˈkɑn.səl/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɒnsəl
• Hyphenation: con‧sul

Noun

consul (plural consuls)

1. (historical) Either of the two heads of government and state of the Roman Republic or the equivalent nominal post under the Roman and Byzantine Empires.
2. (historical) Any of the three heads of government and state of France between 1799 and 1804.
3. (obsolete) A count or earl.
4. (obsolete or historical) A councillor, particularly:
   1. (historical) A member of early modern city councils in southern France and Catalonia.
   2. (historical) An officer of the trading and merchant companies of early modern England.
   3. (historical) An official in various early modern port and trading towns, elected by resident foreign merchants to settle disputes among themselves and to represent them to the local authorities.
5. (by extension) An official residing in major foreign towns to represent and protect the interests of the merchants and citizens of their country.
6. (obsolete) A high government official, generally either a coruler himself or a counsellor directly under the ruler.
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], part 1, 2nd edition, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene ii:

     Both we will raigne as Conſuls of the earth,
     And mightie kings ſhall be our Senators.

   • c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 312, column 1:

     And many of the Conſuls, rais'd and met,
     Are at the Dukes already.

   • 1609, The Holie Bible, […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Doway: Lavrence Kellam, […], →OCLC, Iob 3:14, page 1065:

     With kinges and conſules of the earth, which build themſelves ſolitarie places:

Synonyms

• (count): See count
• (councillor): See councillor
• (early modern councilmen of southern France and Catalonia): capitoul (Toulouse)
• (counsellor): See counsellor

Derived terms

Derived terms

• consulacy
• consulage
• consuless
• consul general, consul-general
• consuling
• consulship
• first consul
• honorary consul, honourary consul
• vice-consul

Related terms

Related terms

• consular
• consularity
• consulary
• consulate

Translations

official who protects the interests of citizens

• Albanian: konsull (sq) m
• Arabic: قُنْصُل‎ m (qunṣul)
• Armenian: հյուպատոս (hy) (hyupatos)
• Azerbaijani: konsul
• Belarusian: ко́нсул m (kónsul), ко́нсулка f (kónsulka)
• Bengali: দূত (dūt)
• Bulgarian: ко́нсул m (kónsul), ко́нсулка f (kónsulka)
• Burmese: ကောင်စစ်ဝန် (my) (kaungcac-wan)
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 領事／领事 (ling⁵ si^6-2)

  Dungan: линсы (linsɨ), кунсур (kunsur)

  Mandarin: 領事／领事 (zh) (lǐngshì)

  Min Nan: 領事／领事 (léng-sīr / léng-sū)

• Czech: konzul (cs) m, konzulka f
• Danish: konsul c
• Dutch: consul (nl) m
• Esperanto: konsulo (eo)
• Estonian: konsul
• Finnish: konsuli (fi)
• French: consul (fr) m, consule (fr) f
• Galician: cónsul m
• Georgian: კონსული (ḳonsuli)
• German: Konsul (de) m, Konsulin (de) f
• Greek: πρόξενος (el) m or f (próxenos)
• Hebrew: קוֹנְסוּל‎ (he) (konsul), קונסולית‎ f (konsulit)
• Hindi: कौंसल (hi) m (kaunsal), क़ोंसल m (qonsal), क़ौंसल (qaunsal)
• Hungarian: konzul (hu)
• Icelandic: konsúll (is) m, ræðismaður m
• Ido: konsulo (io)
• Indonesian: konsul (id)
• Irish: consal
• Italian: console (it) m
• Japanese: 領事 (ja) (りょうじ, ryōji)
• Kazakh: консул (konsul)
• Khmer: កុងស៊ុល (km) (kongsul)
• Korean: 영사(領事) (ko) (yeongsa), 령사 (ko) (ryeongsa) (North Korea)
• Kyrgyz: консул (konsul)
• Lao: ກົງສຸນ (kong sun)
• Latvian: konsuls m
• Lithuanian: konsulas m
• Macedonian: конзул m (konzul), конзулка f (konzulka)
• Malay: konsul
• Mongolian: консул (mn) (konsul)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: konsul m

• Pashto: قونسل‎ m (qonsol), کونسل‎ m (kwәnsol)
• Persian: کنسول‎ (fa) (konsul), قنسول‎ (fa) (qonsul)
• Polish: konsul (pl) m
• Portuguese: cônsul (pt) m
• Romanian: consul (ro) m
• Russian: ко́нсул (ru) m (kónsul)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: конзул m

  Roman: konzul (sh) m

• Slovak: konzul m, konzulka f
• Slovene: kónzul (sl) m, kónzulka f
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: konsul m

  Upper Sorbian: konsul m

• Spanish: cónsul (es) m or f
• Swedish: konsul (sv) c
• Tajik: консул (konsul)
• Thai: กงสุล (th) (gong-sǔn)
• Turkish: konsolos (tr)
• Turkmen: konsul
• Ukrainian: ко́нсул m (kónsul), ко́нсулка f (kónsulka)
• Urdu: قونصل‎ m (qaunsal)
• Uyghur: كونسۇل‎ (konsul)
• Uzbek: konsul (uz)
• Vietnamese: lãnh sự (vi)
• Yiddish: קאָנסול‎ m (konsul)
• Zhuang: lingjsw

either of the two highest-ranking officials of the Roman republic

• Arabic: قُنْصُل‎ m (qunṣul)
• Belarusian: ко́нсул m (kónsul)
• Bulgarian: ко́нсул m (kónsul)
• Czech: konzul (cs) m
• Greek:

  Ancient: ὕπατος m (húpatos)

• Italian: console (it) m
• Latin: cōnsul (la) m
• Middle English: consul
• Old English: consul m
• Polish: konsul (pl) m
• Portuguese: cônsul (pt) m
• Romanian: consul (ro) m
• Russian: ко́нсул (ru) m (kónsul)
• Scots: consul
• Slovak: konzul m
• Slovene: kónzul (sl) m
• Ukrainian: ко́нсул m (kónsul)

See also

• ambassador

Anagrams

• UNCLOS, clonus, cluons

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch consul, from Latin cōnsul.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɔnzʏl/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: con‧sul

Noun

consul m (plural consuls)

1. consul (official in foreign country)
2. (historical) consul (of the Roman Republic)

Derived terms

• consulaat

Descendants

• → Papiamentu: kònsùl

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cōnsul.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɔ̃.syl/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

consul m (plural consuls, feminine consule)

1. consul, in its various senses

Synonyms

• (early modern councilmen of southern France and Catalonia): échevin; capitoul (Toulouse)

Related terms

• consulaire
• consulat

Descendants

• → Thai: กงสุล (gong-sǔn)
• → Turkish: konsül

Further reading

• “consul”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Anagrams

• culons

Latin

Bas-relief of Flavius Anastasius Paulus Probus Sabinianus Pompeius, consul ad 517, in his robes of office.

Alternative forms

• (in oblique cases): cōnsul. (abbreviation)

Etymology

From earlier consol. Root noun to cōnsulō.

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkõːs̠ʊɫ̪]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkɔnsul]

Noun

cōnsul m (genitive cōnsulis); third declension

1. consul: either of the two highest-ranking officials of the Roman republic, elected annually
   • 63 B.C.E., Cicero, Catiline Orations (Latin text and English translations here)

     O tempora, o mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit?

     "Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives? "

2. a proconsul
3. the highest magistrate in other states
4. an epithet of the god Jupiter
5. (Medieval Latin) a municipal official.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cōnsul	cōnsulēs
Genitive	cōnsulis	cōnsulum
Dative	cōnsulī	cōnsulibus
Accusative	cōnsulem	cōnsulēs
Ablative	cōnsule	cōnsulibus
Vocative	cōnsul	cōnsulēs

Derived terms

• cōnsulāris
• cōnsulāritās
• cōnsulāriter
• cōnsulārius
• cōnsulātus
• prōcōnsul
• prōcōnsulāris
• prōcōnsulātus

 

Related terms

• cōnsulō
• cōnsultātiō
• cōnsultātor
• cōnsultātum
• cōnsultē
• cōnsultō
• cōnsultum
• cōnsultus

 

Descendants

• → Czech: konšel
• Old English: consul
  • Middle English: consul, consoul
    • English: consul
    • Scots: consul
• Old Francoprovençal: cóssel, cóssol, cossiel
  • Franco-Provençal: coússol, coússel
• French: consul
  • → Thai: กงสุล (gong-sǔn)
  • → Turkish: konsül
• German: Konsul
• Italian: console
• Old Occitan: cossel
  • Occitan: cossèl
• Portuguese: cônsul
• Russian: ко́нсул (kónsul)
• Sicilian: cùnzuli, cùnzulu
• Spanish: cónsul
• Swedish: konsul

References

• “consul”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “consul”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• consul in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• consul in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to be chosen consul at the elections: comitiis consulem creari
    
  • to elect a consul: consulem creare
    
  • to declare a person consul-elect: aliquem consulem declarare (Leg. Agr. 2. 2. 4)
    
  • to officially proclaim (by the praeco, herald) a man elected consul; to return a man consul: aliquem consulem renuntiare (De Or. 2. 64. 260)
    
  • twice consul: bis consul
    
  • consul for the second, third time: iterum, tertium consul
    
  • consul for the sixth, seventh time: sextum (Pis. 9. 20), septimum consul
    
  • (ambiguous) the augurs announce an unfavourable sign: augures obnuntiant (consuli) (Phil. 2. 33. 83)
    
  • (ambiguous) let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4)
    
  • (ambiguous) to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
    
• consul in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
• “consul”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
• “console” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “consulo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 131

Middle English

Alternative forms

• consoul

Etymology

From Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

Noun

consul (plural consules)

1. Roman consul
2. governor

Related terms

• consular

 

Descendants

• English: consul
• Scots: consul

References

• “consol, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 25 November 2022.

Norman

Etymology

From Latin cōnsul (“consul”).

Noun

consul m (plural consuls)

1. (Jersey) consul

Related terms

• consulat (“consulate”)

Old English

Etymology

From Latin cōnsul.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkon.sul/, [ˈkon.zul]

Noun

consul m (nominative plural consulas)

1. Roman consul

Declension

Declension of consul (strong a-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	consul	consulas
accusative	consul	consulas
genitive	consules	consula
dative	consule	consulum

Descendants

• Middle English: consul, consoul
  • English: consul
  • Scots: consul

References

• Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, editors (2018), “consul”, in Dictionary of Old English: A to I ⁠, Toronto: University of Toronto, →OCLC.

Romanian

Etymology

From French consul.

Noun

consul m (plural consuli)

1. consul

Declension

Declension of consul

	singular		plural
	indefinite articulation	definite articulation	indefinite articulation	definite articulation
nominative/accusative	(un) consul	consulul	(niște) consuli	consulii
genitive/dative	(unui) consul	consulului	(unor) consuli	consulilor
vocative	consulule		consulilor

Scots

Alternative forms

• consule, consol

Etymology

From Middle English consul, from Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.

Noun

consul (plural consules)

1. consul (official residing in major foreign towns to represent and protect the interests of the merchants and citizens of their country)
2. Roman consul

References

• “consul”, in The Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present, →OCLC.