kamo

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kamo"

Aklanon

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu, compare Malay kamu.

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you

Alangan

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu

Pronoun

kamó

1. (in the plural) you

Amis

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kamu.

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you

See also

Amis personal pronouns

	singular	plural
1st person	kako	kami (exclusive) kita (inclusive)
2nd person	kiso	kamo
3rd person	ciira	caira

Cebuano

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: ka‧mo
• IPA^(key): /kaˈmo/ [kɐˈmo]

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you
2. (honorific singular) you

See also

Cebuano personal pronouns

			direct		indirect (postposed)		indirect (preposed)		oblique
	Length:		full	short1	full	short2	base	suffixed -a	full	short
singular	first person		akó	ko	nakò3	ko3	akò	akoa	kanakò	nakò
	second person		ikáw	ka	nimo	mo	imo	imoha	kanimo	nimo
	third person		siyá		niya		iya	iyaha	kaniya	niya
plural	first person	inclusive	kitá	ta	natò	ta	atò	atoa	kanatò	natò
		exclusive	kamí	mi	namò		amò	amoa	kanamò	namò
	second person		kamó	mo	ninyo		inyo	inyoha	kaninyo	ninyo
	third person		silá		nila		ila	ilaha	kanila	nila

¹ Forms in this column are placed after the verb or predicate they modify, and never used at the start of sentences.
² Forms in this column are literary and rarely used colloquially.
³ Ta is used over nako or ko where the focus is a second-person singular pronoun.

Central Bikol

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu.

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: ka‧mo
• IPA^(key): /kaˈmo/ [kaˈmo]

Pronoun

kamó

1. (inclusive, in the plural) you

See also

Central Bikol personal pronouns

Person	Number	Absolute		Ergative		Oblique
Length		Full	Short	Full	Short
First	singular	ako		ko		sakuya, sako
	plural inclusive	kita		nyato	ta	satuya, sato
	plural exclusive	kami		nyamo	mi	samuya, samo
Second	singular	ika	ka	mo		saimo, simo
	plural	kamo		nindo		saindo
Third	singular	siya		niya		saiya
	plural	sinda		ninda		sainda

Chavacano

Etymology

Borrowed from Cebuano kamo.

Pronoun

kamó

1. (in the plural) you

   Synonyms: ustedes, vosotros

Hanunoo

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *k-amu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkamu/ [ˈkɐ.mo]
• Rhymes: -amu
• Syllabification: ka‧mo

Pronoun

kamo (Hanunoo spelling ᜣᜫᜳ)

1. you (plural)

See also

Hanunoo personal pronouns

Person	Number	Direct	Indirect	Oblique
First	singular	ako	niko	kangko, kang
	plural inclusive	kita	nita	kanta
	plural exclusive	kami	nimi	kanmi
Second	singular	kawo, ka	nimo	kanmo
	plural	kamo	niyo	kanyo
Third	singular	siya	niya	kanya
	plural	sida	nida	kanda

Further reading

• Conklin, Harold C. (1953), Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 138
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*amu”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Hiligaynon

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu

Pronoun

kamo

1. you (plural)

See also

Hiligaynon personal pronouns

		absolute (ang/si)		ergative (sa/ni)		ergative (preposed)	oblique (sa)
		full	short	full	short	full
first	singular	ako	ko*	nakon	ko	akon	sa akon
	plural inclusive	kita		naton	ta	aton	sa aton
	plural exclusive	kami		namon		amon	sa amon
second	singular	ikaw	ka	nimo	mo	imo	sa imo
	plural	kamo		ninyo		inyo	sa inyo
third	singular	siya		niya		iya	sa iya
	plural	sila		nila		ila	sa ila

Inonhan

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you

Japanese

Romanization

kamo

1. Rōmaji transcription of かも
2. Rōmaji transcription of カモ

Māori

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *kamo (“to blink”). Cognate with Hawaiian ʻamo (“to wink”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkamo/ [ˈkɐmɔ]

Noun

kamo

1. eyelid
2. eyelash

Verb

kamo

1. to blink
2. to wink

Further reading

• “kamo” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011, →ISBN.

Old Czech

Alternative forms

• kam

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kamo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈkamo/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈkamo/

Adverb

kamo

1. (interrogative, relative) whither

Coordinate terms

Type		interrogative		relative	demonstrative			indefinite
		kto/ký qualitative	který selective	jen	sen proximal	ten	onen distal	jiný alternative	veš every
Time		k(eh)dy	-kterdy	jedy	—	t(eh)dy	on(eh)dy	jindy	v(e)šdy
Place	in	kde	-kterde	—	sde	tu	onde	jinde	vešde
	to	kam(o)	—	jam(o)	sěm(o)	tam(o)	onam(o)	jinam(o)	všam(o)
	through	kudy, kady	—	jady	sudy	tudy, tady	onudy, onady	jinudy, jinady	všudy, všady
	with prepositions	-kud, -kad	—	-ňud, -ňad	-sud, -sad	-tud, -tad	-onud, -onad	-jinud, -jinad	-všud, -všad
Manner	Way	kak(o)	kterak(o)	jak(o)	sic(e)	tak(o)	onak(o)	jinak(o)	však(o)
	Amount	kolik(o)	—	jelik(o)	—	tolik(o)	—	—	všelik(o)
Indefinite prefixes: ně-, leda-, neda-, ni- Indefinite suffixes: -koli, -si

Descendants

• Czech: kam

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “kamo”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kamo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /kamɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /kamɔ/

Pronoun

kamo

1. (attested in Lesser Poland, Sieradz-Łęczyca) where (to which place)
   • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 138, 6, Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament]:

     Kamo poydø... a kamo od oblycza twego vczekø (quo ibo... et quo a facie tua fugiam)?

     [Kamo pojdę... a kamo od oblicza twego uciekę (quo ibo... et quo a facie tua fugiam)?]

   • 1897 [1394], Teki Adolfa Pawińskiego‎^[1], volume III, number 3470, Łęczyca Land:

     Tego na Sbroslawa szalugø, gdzesz mi mego czloueka gøl..., potem gi wodl do mego kmecza i tamo gy pøthal a w them ne wem, kamo gi dzal

     [Tego na Zbrosława żałuję, gdzież mi mego człowieka jął..., potem ji wiodł do mego kmiecia i tamo ji pętał a w tem nie wiem, kamo ji dział]

2. (attested in Greater Poland) where (in which place)
   • 1916 [second half of the 15th century], Stanisław Słoński, editor, Psałterz puławski‎^{scan transliteration, transcription}, numbers 22, 1, Greater Poland:

     Gospodzyn mye oprawya, a nycz mnye vbędze, na myeszcze pastwy, kamo mye postawyl (in loco pascuae, ibi me collocavit)

     [Gospodzin mię oprawia, a nic mnie ubędzie, na mieście pastwy, kamo mię postawił (in loco pascuae, ibi me collocavit)]

Further reading

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “kamo”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Ratagnon

Pronoun

kamó

1. (in the plural) you

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kamo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kâmo/
• Hyphenation: ka‧mo

Adverb

kȁmo (Cyrillic spelling ка̏мо)

1. where (to), in which direction, whither

   Synonym: kam

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Univerbation of 'ka mo, with 'ka from wika.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈkamo/ [ˈkaː.mo]
• Rhymes: -amo
• Syllabification: ka‧mo

Particle

kamo (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜋᜓ)

1. alternative form of 'ka mo

Etymology 2

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu (“2pl. nominative, you all”), from Proto-Austronesian *kamu (“2pl. nominative, you all”). Compare Hanunoo kamo, Tausug kamu, and Malay kamu.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /kaˈmo/ [kɐˈmo]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: ka‧mo

Pronoun

kamó (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜋᜓ) (now dialectal, Marinduque)

1. you (plural)

   Synonym: kayo

See also

Tagalog personal pronouns

Person	Number	Direct (ang)	Indirect (ng)	Oblique (sa)
First	singular	ako	ko	akin
	dual1	kita, kata	nita, nata, ta	kanita, kanata, ata
	plural inclusive	tayo	natin	atin
	plural exclusive	kami	namin	amin
First & Second	singular	kita2
Second	singular	ikaw, ka	mo	iyo
	plural	kayo, kamo	ninyo, niyo	inyo
Third	singular	siya	niya	kaniya
	plural	sila	nila	kanila

¹ First person dual pronouns are not commonly used in Standard Tagalog.
² Replaces ko ikaw.

Anagrams

• akom

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *kamo, variant of *kama or *kamʷa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kamo/

Noun

kamo

1. taro

   Synonym: kabiri

Further reading

• Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 370

Waray-Waray

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu

Pronoun

kamó

1. (in the plural) you
2. (honorific singular) you

Wauja

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.mɨ/

Noun

kamo

1. sun

   Kamo inyatapai.

   [The] sun is hot.

   Kamo iya paponaku.

   [The] sun sets. (Lit., the sun enters [his] house.)

   Kamo putukapai paponanakutsa.

   [The] sun rises. (Lit., the sun emerges from [his] house.)

   Kamo tapokeheneingeu.

   [It] is twilight. (Lit., the sun disappears, is extinguished.)

   Kamo yumekepei.

   [The] sun is in eclipse. (Lit., the sun is menstruating.)

2. time (of day)

   Kanai itsapai kamo?

   Q: What time is it? (Lit., Where [in the sky] is the sun?)

   Kamotojojokapai aitsu.

   A: We are at noon. (Lit., [The] sun is exactly straight [above] us.)

3. wristwatch, clock, timepiece

   Okanutapiyaitsapai okamoja.

   On [his/her/its] wrist was [his/her/its] watch.

Usage notes

• When referring to the sun, kamo is obligatorily unpossessed. When referring to a wristwatch or clock, it can show possession.
• Kamo is the heavenly body seen in the sky, and also a culture hero of ancient times, when the world was new. Kamo in Wauja stories is always a male figure, even though during a solar eclipse the sun is said to menstruate.

Inflection

    Possession of kamo

	singular	plural
first person	nukamoja	akamoja
second person	pixamoja	yixamoja
third person	okamoja	okamojapa

Derived terms

• kamokawa (year)
• kamomawa (day, daytime, during the day)

See also

• kejo (moon)
• kalunti (star, stars)
• enunaku (sky)
• iyepe (cloud, clouds)

References

• Acácio Tadeu de Camargo Piedade, "From Musical Poetics to Deep Language: The Ritual of the Wauja Sacred Flutes" (In Burst of Breath: Indigenous Ritual Wind Instruments in Lowland South America, 2011, →ISBN, p. 243
• Languages of the Amazon (2012, →ISBN, page 170

West Miraya Bikol

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu.

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you

Yami

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kamu.

Pronoun

kamo

1. (in the plural) you