天命
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Chinese
[edit]day; sky; heaven | life; fate | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (天命) |
天 | 命 |
Etymology
[edit]Attested earliest on Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions,[1] though during the Western Zhou period, the concept was not exactly worded as 天命 (tiānmìng) but 大令 (dàlìng), 大命 (dàmìng), 魯令 (lǔlìng) & 天令 (tiānlìng) (however, 令 (lìng) and 命 (mìng) were indeed used interchangeably).[2] Goldin (2017)[3] links Zhou's concept 天命 (tiānmìng) to Shang's concept 帝令 (dìlìng) "the Deity's command" attested in the Shang's oracle bones.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): tin1 ming6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thiên-min
- Jin (Wiktionary): tie1 ming3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thian-bēng
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1thi-min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄇㄧㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tianmìng
- Wade–Giles: tʻien1-ming4
- Yale: tyān-mìng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianminq
- Palladius: тяньмин (tjanʹmin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: тянмин (ti͡anmin, I-III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: tin1 ming6
- Yale: tīn mihng
- Cantonese Pinyin: tin1 ming6
- Guangdong Romanization: tin1 ming6
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-min
- Hakka Romanization System: tienˊ min
- Hagfa Pinyim: tian1 min4
- Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tie1 ming3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰie¹¹ mĩŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-bēng
- Tâi-lô: thian-bīng
- Phofsit Daibuun: tienbeng
- IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: then mjaengH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] m-riŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn mreŋs/
Noun
[edit]天命
- the myriad of things in nature which make up the law of nature or natural law
- the will of heaven
- the Mandate of Heaven
- 佑闢四方,惠弘天命。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Late Western Zhou, 彔伯冬簋 "Lubo Dong gui" inscription, translated based on Shim (2012)[4] and Grundmann (2022)[5]
- Yòu pì sìfāng, huì hóng tiānmìng. [Pinyin]
- Assisting in expanding the four directions and helping to broaden the Mandate of Heaven.
佑辟四方,惠弘天命。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 假哉天命! [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jiǎ zāi tiānmìng! [Pinyin]
- Great is the appointment of Heaven!
- one's fate or destiny
- one's nature or natural instincts
- one's innate skills or gifts
- one's life span or life expectancy
Synonyms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Sino-Xenic (天命):
- → Japanese: 天命 (tenmei)
- → Korean: 천명(天命) (cheonmyeong)
- → Vietnamese: thiên mệnh (天命)
Proper noun
[edit]天命
- (historical) the Tianming era (a Chinese era name; the era of Nurhaci as khan of the Later Jin, from the proclamation of the dynasty in 1616 until 1627)
References
[edit]- ^ Chen, Sanping (2002) “Son of Heaven and Son of God: Interactions among Ancient Asiatic Cultures regarding Sacral Kingship and Theophoric Names”, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, volume 12, number 3
- ^ Valmisa, Mercedes (2018). "Is the ideology of the 'Mandate of Heaven' already present in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions?", presented at International Consortium for Research in the Humanities. Erlagen. 2012 version
- ^ Goldin, Paul Rakita (2017) “Some Shang Antecedents of Later Chinese Ideology and Culture”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society[1], volume 137, number 1
- ^ Shim, Jae-hong (2012) “An Ever-contested Poem: The "Classic of Poetry"'s "Hanyi" and the Sino-Korean History Debate”, in The Journal of Asian Studies[2], volume 71, number 2, pages 475-497
- ^ Grundmann, Joern Peter, transl. (2022), “Moral Speculation and the Conception of a Sky God”, in Space, Time, Myth, and Morals: A Selection of Jao Tsung-i’s Studies on Cosmological Thought in Early China and Beyond (Collected Works of Jao Tsung-i, Volume: 3), pages 220-277
天命 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia zh
Mandate of Heaven on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
天 | 命 |
Noun
[edit]天命
- chữ Hán form of thiên mệnh.
Categories:
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Dungan nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Dungan proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Jin proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 天
- Chinese terms spelled with 命
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese terms with historical senses
- zh:Chinese era names
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese nouns
- Vietnamese nouns in Han script
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán