融

融 U+878D, 融 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D ← 螌 [U+878C] CJK Unified Ideographs 螎 → [U+878E]

Translingual

Han character

融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 1523₆, composition ⿰鬲虫)

Derived characters

• 瀜 曧 𭂧

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
• Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
• Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		融
alternative forms		𧖓

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (蟲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
痋	*l'uːŋ
鉵	*l'uːŋ
赨	*l'uːŋ
爞	*l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ
蟲	*l'uŋ, *l'uŋs
融	*luŋ
瀜	*luŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *luŋ) : semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

• 融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
• 鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
• 熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
• 溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): róng (rong²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄥˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yong²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): iung⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): yùng

  (Meixian, Guangdong): yung²

• Jin (Wiktionary): yng¹
• Northern Min (KCR): ě̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iông / hiông

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yon
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): iong²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: róng
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: róng
    • Wade–Giles: jung²
    • Yale: rúng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rong
    • Palladius: жун (žun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐʊŋ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: yong²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: yng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /yoŋ²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jung⁴
    • Yale: yùhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: iung⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iuŋ³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
    • Hakka Romanization System: iung^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: yung²
    • Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: yng¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ỹŋ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /œyŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyŋ⁵³/, /yŋ⁵³/

Note:

• hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
• ṳ̀ng - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iông
    • Tâi-lô: iông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ioong
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /iɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ²³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiông
    • Tâi-lô: hiông
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hioong
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông / iôⁿ / iêⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/, /ĩõ⁵⁵/, /ĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶yon
    • MiniDict: yon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhion
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦioŋ²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: iong²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /i̯ʊŋ¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /in¹³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 融
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐuŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʐuŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/luŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐuŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/yŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/yə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/yŋ⁵³/ /ʐuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ỹn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ioŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yoŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/ioŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ioŋ³¹/
	Nanjing	/ioŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/yŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ʐũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɦioŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/joŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/in⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ioŋ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/in¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/iuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iuŋ¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/joŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/juŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/juŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iɔŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/yŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/œyŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ioŋ⁵⁵/ /iõ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zɔŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: yuwng

Rime
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以戎切
Baxter	yuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/jiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/iuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juwŋ/
Li Rong	/iuŋ/
Wang Li	/jĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*luŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*luŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róng
Middle Chinese	‹ yuwng ›
Old Chinese	/*luŋ/ (? < *lum)
English	hot air, steam, heat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
No.	1509
Phonetic component	蟲
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	融
Old Chinese	/*luŋ/

Definitions

融

1. ^† hot air; steam (during cooking)
2. to melt
3. to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
4. (economics) to circulate
5. Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

Compounds

• 乳水交融
• 交融 (jiāoróng)
• 六相圓融／六相圆融
• 其樂融融／其乐融融 (qílèróngróng)
• 包融
• 和氣融融／和气融融
• 圓融／圆融
• 圓融三諦／圆融三谛
• 孔融
• 孔融讓梨／孔融让梨
• 心融神會／心融神会
• 情景交融
• 春光融融
• 暖融融
• 核融合 (hérónghé)
• 樂融融／乐融融 (lèróngróng)
• 水乳交融 (shuǐrǔjiāoróng)
• 法融
• 消融 (xiāoróng)
• 熙熙融融
• 王融
• 祝融 (Zhùróng)
• 竇融／窦融
• 膠漆相融／胶漆相融
• 融丘
• 融冶
• 融券
• 融化 (rónghuà)
• 融匯／融汇 (rónghuì)
• 融合 (rónghé)
• 融和 (rónghé)
• 融會／融会 (rónghuì)
• 融會貫通／融会贯通 (rónghuìguàntōng)
• 融泄
• 融洽 (róngqià)
• 融為一體／融为一体 (róngwéiyītǐ)
• 融融 (róngróng)
• 融解 (róngjiě)
• 融解熱／融解热
• 融解點／融解点
• 融資／融资 (róngzī)
• 融通
• 融通物
• 融風／融风
• 通融 (tōngróng)
• 金融 (jīnróng)
• 金融公司 (jīnróng gōngsī)
• 金融卡 (jīnróngkǎ)
• 金融商品
• 金融市場／金融市场 (jīnróng shìchǎng)
• 金融業／金融业
• 金融機關／金融机关
• 金融赤字
• 鋁融接劑／铝融接剂
• 顯融／显融
• 馬融／马融

 

References

• “融”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

融

(Jōyō kanji)

1. dissolve
2. melt

Readings

• Go-on: ゆ (yu)
• Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
• Kun: とおる (tōru, 融る)、とける (tokeru, 融ける)
• Nanori: あき (aki)、あきら (akira)、あきらか (akiraka)、すけ (suke)、とお (tō)、とおる (tōru)、なかし (nakashi)、ながし (nagashi)、みち (michi)、よし (yoshi)

Compounds

Compounds

• 核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (kaku yūgō, “nuclear fusion, karyogamy”)
• 核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう)炉(ろ) (kakuyūgōro, “fusion reactor”)
• 金(きん)融(ゆう) (kin'yū, “finance”)
• 金(きん)融(ゆう)危(き)機(き) (kin'yū kiki, “financial crisis”)
• 金(きん)融(ゆう)市(し)場(じょう) (kin'yū shijō, “financial market”)
• 祝(しゅく)融(ゆう) (Shukuyū, “Zhurong, a Chinese god of fire and the south”)
• 常(じょう)温(おん)核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (jōon kaku yūgō, “cold (nuclear) fusion”)
• 闇(やみ)金(きん)融(ゆう) (yamikin'yū, “loan shark”)
• 融(ゆう)化(か) (yūka, “thaw”)
• 融(ゆう)解(かい) (yūkai, “melting; meltdown”)
• 融(ゆう)合(ごう) (yūgō, “fusion, blending, merger”)
• 融(ゆう)資(し) (yūshi, “financing, loan”)
• 融(ゆう)雪(せつ) (yūsetsu, “melting of snow”)
• 融(ゆう)点(てん) (yūten, “melting point”)
• 融(ゆう)和(わ) (yūwa, “harmony, reconciliation”)
• 溶(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, “melting; meltdown”)
  • 熔(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, alternative form of above.)
• 炉(ろ)心(しん)熔(よう)融(ゆう) (roshin yōyū, “meltdown”)

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [juŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [융]

Hanja

Wikisource

融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

融: Hán Nôm readings: dung

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.