瓦

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

瓦 (Kangxi radical 98, 瓦+0, 5 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 4 strokes in mainland China, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 一女弓戈 (MVNI), four-corner 1071₇, composition ⿵⿸⿱一𠄌㇈丶(G) or ⿵⿸⿱丅㇀㇈丶(HTJKV))

1. Kangxi radical #98, ⽡.

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/瓦

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 747, character 36
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21438
• Dae Jaweon: page 1156, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1421, character 3
• Unihan data for U+74E6

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Chinese

trad.		瓦
simp. #		瓦
alternative forms		𪜂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 瓦
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (瓦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
瓦	*ŋʷraːlʔ, *ŋʷraːls
邷	*ŋʷraːlʔ

Pictogram (象形) – fired earthenware pottery, or a tile.

Etymology

Possibly derived from 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) by eliminating causative devoicing and adding an endoactive rising tone (上聲), literally “that which has transformed (through fire)” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 瓦

1. earthenware; earthenware pottery
2. tile (roof covering)
3. (historical) back of shield (arching, as if it is covered by tile)
4. (historical) amusement park; market
5. (historical, dialectal) protecting plate of wheel
6. (music) Alternative name for 土 (tǔ, “earth”).
7. Ancient placename in modern Hua County, Henan.
8. Short for 瓦特 (wǎtè, “watt”).
9. a surname

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wà (wa⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa⁶
• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): huê⁷

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wà
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wà
    • Wade–Giles: wa⁴
    • Yale: wà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wah
    • Palladius: ва (va)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaa⁶
    • Yale: ngah
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: nga⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaː²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huê⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huē
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue¹¹/

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• Middle Chinese: ngwaeH

Rime
Character	瓦
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五化切
Baxter	ngwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠuaH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷᵚaH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋuaH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋwaɨH/
Li Rong	/ŋuaH/
Wang Li	/ŋwaH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋwaH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngaa6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷraːls/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	瓦
Reading #	2/2
No.	12603
Phonetic component	瓦
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	瓦
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷraːls/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 瓦

1. ^† to tile; to cover with tiles

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

瓦

(Jōyō kanji)

1. tile
2. gram, gramme

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)^{←げ (ge, historical)←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)}
• Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}
• Kun: かわら (kawara, 瓦, Jōyō)^{←かはら (kafara, 瓦, historical)}、グラム (guramu, 瓦)

Compounds

Compounds

• 瓦(が)解(かい) (gakai, “collapse, downfall”)
• 瓦(が)礫(れき) (gareki, “rubble, wreckage”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
瓦
かわら Grade: S
kun'yomi

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”), possibly via 迦波羅 (MC kae pa la). Along with Buddhism, roof tiles came to Japan in the Asuka period.

Cognate with 骨, 䯊 (kawara, “a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap”).

Folk etymologies include:

• from 変わら (kawara), the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 変わる (kawaru, “to change”), from the idea that tiles were produced by changing the clay into pottery through firing

Noun

瓦(かわら) • (kawara) ^{←かはら (kafara)?}

1. roof tile

Etymology 2

Abbreviation of transliterated ateji (当て字) spelling 瓦(グ)蘭(ラ)姆(ム) (guramu), attested in the Meiji period. The term グラム (guramu) itself was borrowed from either English gram or French gramme.

Once considered a 国字 (kokuji, “national character”, a kanji coined in Japan), another example being 瓲(トン) (ton, “ton, tonne”).

Noun

瓦(グラム) • (guramu) 

1. (dated) symbol for gram, gramme

Derived terms

Terms derived from グラム

• 瓲(ミリグラム) (miriguramu, “milligram, milligramme”)
• 甅(センチグラム) (senchiguramu, “centigram, centigramme”)
• 瓰(デシグラム) (deshiguramu, “decigram, decigramme”)
• 瓧(デカグラム) (dekaguramu, “decagram, decagramme”)
• 瓸(ヘクトグラム) (hekutoguramu, “hectogram, hectogramme”)
• 瓩(キログラム) (kiroguramu, “kilogram, kilogramme”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
瓦
が Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 瓦 (MC ngwaeX|ngwaeH).

Affix

瓦(が) • (ga) ^{←ぐわ (gwa)?}

1. roof tile
2. Used phonetically.

   瓦斯(ガス) (gasu): gas

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Korean

Hanja

瓦 (eumhun 기와 와 (giwa wa))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 瓦 (ngõa, ngói, ngoa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.