鳩

See also: 鸠

Translingual

Han character

鳩 (Kangxi radical 196, 鳥+2, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大弓竹日火 (KNHAF), four-corner 4702₇, composition ⿰九鳥)

Derived characters

• 𤄄

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1481, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46648
• Dae Jaweon: page 2013, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4613, character 13
• Unihan data for U+9CE9

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Chinese

trad.		鳩
simp.		鸠
alternative forms		䲥 𩾛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鳩
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
尻	*kʰuː
訄	*kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽	*krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓	*qʰruː
鳩	*ku
勼	*ku
九	*kuʔ
究	*kus
仇	*ɡu
鼽	*ɡu
犰	*ɡu
叴	*ɡu
厹	*ɡu
頄	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹	*ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗	*ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏	*ɡu
訅	*ɡu
釚	*ɡu
肍	*ɡu
軌	*kʷrɯwʔ
宄	*kʷrɯwʔ
氿	*kʷrɯwʔ
匭	*kʷrɯwʔ
泦	*kuɡ
旭	*qʰʷoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ku) : phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(r)əw (“dove, pigeon”) (Benedict, 1974, Schuessler 2007, STEDT). Schuessler observed that owing to *ku's onomatopoeic nature many Sino-Tibtan variant forms arose:

• some with *-r- like Proto-Lolo-Burmese *m-kruw ~ m-krəw (whence Burmese ချိုး (hkyui:)); and Proto-Kuki-Chin *m-kʰru (whence Mro Chin məkʰru);
• others without medial *-r- like Tibetan འང་གུ ('ang gu, “pigeon”), Southern Tujia ko²¹ tsi²¹, Northern Qiang guʴ gu̥ʴ, Mising pəkü, Manipuri kʰu-nu.

In some southern Chinese dialects, 鳩／鸠 (jiū) is pronounced with aspirated initial /kʰ/ due to taboo considerations.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiū (jiu¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kau¹ / gau¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiu / khiu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kiu¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiou
    • Wade–Giles: chiu¹
    • Yale: jyōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiou
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Yale: kāu / gāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kau¹ / gau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: keo¹ / geo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/, /kɐu̯⁵⁵/

Note:

• kau1 - common for non-vulgar senses;
• gau1 - common for vulgar senses.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiu
    • Tâi-lô: kiu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiu
    • Tâi-lô: khiu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiw
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiu⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kiu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiu³³/

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• Middle Chinese: kjuw

Rime
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居求切
Baxter	kjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/kiu/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuw/
Li Rong	/kiu/
Wang Li	/kĭəu/
Bernard Karlgren	/ki̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k](r)u/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ku/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiū
Middle Chinese	‹ kjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*[k](r)u/
English	(a kind of bird)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鳩
Reading #	1/1
No.	6939
Phonetic component	九
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鳩
Old Chinese	/*ku/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 鳩

1. pigeon; dove (family Columbidae)
2. (Cantonese, vulgar) (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 㞗 (gau¹).

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

鳩

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. pigeon, dove
2. (in compounds) to gather together (from the way that pigeons flock together)

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}
• Kun: はと (hato, 鳩); あつめる (atsumeru, 鳩める)
• Nanori: やす (yasu)

Compounds

Compounds

• 鳩居(きゅうきょ) (kyūkyo): a pigeon in a magpie's nest; living in a rented house or apartment
• 鳩合(きゅうごう) (kyūgō): flocking together
• 鳩舎(きゅうしゃ) (kyūsha): a dovecote
• 鳩車(きゅうしゃ) (kyūsha): a pigeon cart: a kind of toy pigeon with wheels on it
• 鳩首(きゅうしゅ) (kyūshu): putting heads together, consulting in a group

Etymology

鳩 (hato): a pigeon, a dove.

Kanji in this term
鳩
はと Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Possibly ultimately onomatopoeia from the hatahata sound of a dove or pigeon's wings in flight.

Alternative forms

• 鴿

Noun

鳩(はと) or 鳩(ハト) • (hato) 

1. a pigeon, a dove: a bird of genus Columba

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ハト.

Idioms

Idioms

• 鳩(はと)が豆鉄砲(まめてっぽう)を食(く)ったよう (hato ga mameteppō o kutta yō): “like a pigeon that ate a peashooter” → dumbfounded, taken by surprise

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 鳩車(はとぐるま) (hatoguruma): a pigeon cart: a kind of toy pigeon with wheels on it
• 鳩小屋(はとごや) (hatogoya): a dovecote
• 鳩根性(はとこんじょう) (hato konjō): “pigeon-spirited” → appearing composed while harboring resentment
• 鳩座(はとざ) (Hato-za): the Dove or Columba constellation
• 鳩酒(はとざけ) (hatozake): an old kind of medicine, wherein a pigeon would be tenderized and the bones broken, then the whole carcass would be covered in sake and miso and stewed, purportedly used to treat back pain and poor circulation in the extremities
• 鳩染(はとぞめ) (hatozome): “pigeon dyeing” → dyeing, or something dyed, in the colors of the turtledove or Japanese green pigeon
• 鳩派(はとは) (hatoha): (politics) the doves (proponents of peace; as opposed to the hawks, proponents of war)
• 鳩羽色(はとばいろ) (hatobairo): “pigeon-wing color” → a dark blue-gray
• 鳩笛(はとぶえ) (hatobue): a pigeon flute: a flute used to imitate the call of the dove
• 鳩吹(はとふき) (hatofuki): a dove call, a lure to imitate the call of the dove
• 鳩吹(はとふ)く (hatofuku): to make a dove call, such as by blowing a kind of whistle formed by one's cupped hands
• 鳩麦(はとむぎ) (hatomugi): “pigeon barley” → Job's tears, tear grass
• 鳩胸(はとむね) (hatomune): pigeon-breasted (similar to the way a pigeon's chest is puffed out); (medical) pectus carinatum

Further reading

• Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)

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Korean

Hanja

鳩 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)

1. pigeon, dove
2. collect, assemble

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 鳩 (cưu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.