堵

Translingual

Han character

堵 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 土十大日 (GJKA), four-corner 4416₀, composition ⿰土者)

Derived characters

• 𧹻

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5279
• Dae Jaweon: page 472, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 448, character 7
• Unihan data for U+5835

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		堵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
觰	*rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸	*tjaː, *tja
者	*tjaːʔ
堵	*tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭	*tjaːʔ
撦	*l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯	*tʰjaːʔ
闍	*djaː, *taː
奢	*hljaː
鍺	*toːlʔ
都	*taː
醏	*taː
覩	*taːʔ
睹	*taːʔ
暏	*taːʔ
賭	*taːʔ
帾	*taːʔ
楮	*taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠	*daː, *da
瘏	*daː
廜	*daː
鷵	*daː
緒	*ljaʔ
豬	*ta
猪	*ta
瀦	*ta
藸	*ta, *da
櫫	*ta
褚	*taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著	*taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸	*tas, *das
儲	*da
躇	*da
櫧	*tja
藷	*tja, *djas
蠩	*tja
煮	*tjaʔ
渚	*tjaʔ
煑	*tjaʔ
陼	*tjaʔ
翥	*tjas
署	*djas
薯	*djas
曙	*djas
書	*hlja
暑	*hjaʔ
鐯	*taɡ
擆	*taɡ
櫡	*taɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dǔ (du³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dou²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tù
• Eastern Min (BUC): dū
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): du²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵tu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dǔ
    • Wade–Giles: tu³
    • Yale: dǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duu
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dou²
    • Yale: dóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tù
    • Hakka Romanization System: duˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: du²
    • Sinological IPA: /tu¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tó͘
    • Tâi-lô: tóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: du²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵tu
    • MiniDict: tu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tu³⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: tuX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	當古切
Baxter	tuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/toX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɔX/
Li Rong	/toX/
Wang Li	/tuX/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*taːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堵	堵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dǔ	dǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tuX ›	‹ tuX ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁaʔ/	/*tˁaʔ/
English	a row or set of bells or musical stones	measure of length of wall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
No.	16975
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	覩
Old Chinese	/*taːʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 堵

1. wall

   觀者如堵／观者如堵  ―  guānzhěrúdǔ  ―  a wall of spectators

2. to block up; to stop up
3. stifled; suffocated
4. Classifier for walls. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhě (zhe³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄜˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ze²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhě
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhě
    • Wade–Giles: chê³
    • Yale: jě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jee
    • Palladius: чжэ (čžɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ze²
    • Yale: jé
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dze²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zé²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɛː³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyaeX

Rime
Character	堵
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	章也切
Baxter	tsyaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciaX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiaX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ze2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*tjaːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堵
Reading #	1/2
No.	16961
Phonetic component	者
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	者
Old Chinese	/*tjaːʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 堵

1. (～河) Zhe or Du River (river in Hubei Province, China)

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

堵

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): と (to)
• Kun: かき (kaki, 堵)

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Korean

Hanja

堵 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 堵 (đổ)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation