恇

Translingual

Han character

恇 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心尸一土 (PSMG), four-corner 9101₁, composition ⿰忄匡)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 383, character 28
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10529
• Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2293, character 11
• Unihan data for U+6047

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		恇

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
皇	*ɡʷaːŋ
惶	*ɡʷaːŋ
遑	*ɡʷaːŋ
堭	*ɡʷaːŋ
煌	*ɡʷaːŋ
餭	*ɡʷaːŋ
騜	*ɡʷaːŋ
艎	*ɡʷaːŋ
隍	*ɡʷaːŋ
湟	*ɡʷaːŋ
徨	*ɡʷaːŋ
篁	*ɡʷaːŋ
蝗	*ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs
凰	*ɡʷaːŋ
偟	*ɡʷaːŋ
媓	*ɡʷaːŋ
韹	*ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ
葟	*ɡʷaːŋ
皝	*ɡʷaːŋʔ
汪	*qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ
尪	*qʷaːŋ
迋	*kʷaŋʔ, *kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs
逛	*kʷaŋʔ
誑	*kʷaŋs, *ɡʷaŋ, *kʷaŋs
匡	*kʰʷaŋ
筐	*kʰʷaŋ
框	*kʰʷaŋ
眶	*kʰʷaŋ
誆	*kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs
邼	*kʰʷaŋ
恇	*kʰʷaŋ
劻	*kʰʷaŋ
洭	*kʰʷaŋ
軭	*kʰʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋ
狂	*ɡʷaŋ, *ɡʷaŋs
軖	*ɡʷaŋ
鵟	*ɡʷaŋ
俇	*ɡʷaŋʔ
王	*ɢʷaŋ, *ɢʷaŋs
蚟	*ɢʷaŋ
彺	*ɢʷaŋ
旺	*ɢʷaŋs
諻	*qʰʷraːŋ
喤	*qʰʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ
瑝	*ɡʷraːŋ
鍠	*ɡʷraːŋ
揘	*ɡʷaŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷaŋ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 匡 (OC *kʰʷaŋ).

Etymology

Related to 懼 (OC *ɡʷas, “to fear”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kuāng (kuang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hong¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kuāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kuang
    • Wade–Giles: kʻuang¹
    • Yale: kwāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuang
    • Palladius: куан (kuan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hong¹
    • Yale: hōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: khjwang

Rime
Character	恇
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去王切
Baxter	khjwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʉɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰʷiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰuaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiuaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭwaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiwaŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fong1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷaŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恇
Reading #	1/1
No.	12727
Phonetic component	王
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	匡
Old Chinese	/*kʰʷaŋ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 恇

1. ^† to fear; to be cowardly
2. ^† weak
3. ^† to expect; to anticipate

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 害怕 (“to fear; to be afraid of”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		懼, 畏, 恐, 怯, 驚, 惶, 悚, 懾, 恇
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		害怕, 懼怕, 畏懼
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	害怕, 怕
	Taiwan	害怕, 怕
	Harbin	害怕, 發毛
	Malaysia	怕
	Singapore	怕, 害怕
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	害怕, 怕, 打怵
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	害怕, 怵
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	害怕, 怕
	Wanrong	驚
	Xi'an	害怕, 怕, 怯火
	Xuzhou	嫌怕, 打怵
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	害怕, 嚇
	Lanzhou	害怕, 怯, 怯乎, 怯豁
	Ürümqi	害怕
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	害怕, 怕, 虛火, 虛
	Wuhan	嚇不過, 怕
	Guiyang	害怕, 怕
	Kunming	害怕
	Guilin	怕
	Liuzhou	慌
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	嚇怕, 怕
	Yangzhou	害怕, 怕, 怕懼, 懼乎
	Hefei	怕
Cantonese	Guangzhou	驚, 怕, 慌, 窒
	Hong Kong	驚, 怕, 慌
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	狂
	Macau	驚
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	驚
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	慌
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	驚
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	好怕
	Foshan	驚, 窒
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	慌, 怕
	Foshan (Shunde)	慌
	Foshan (Sanshui)	慌
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	驚
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	驚
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	驚
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	慌
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	慌
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	慌
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	慌
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	慌
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	狂, 驚
	Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	𢗉
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	慌, 驚
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	慌, 驚
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	驚
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	驚
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	驚
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	驚
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	驚
	Taishan	𢗉
	Kaiping (Chikan)	𢗉
	Enping (Niujiang)	𢗉
	Heshan (Yayao)	慌
	Dongguan	狂
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	驚
	Shaoguan	驚, 窒
	Yunfu	怕, 驚
	Yangjiang	𢗉
	Xinyi	狂
	Lianjiang	驚
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
	Singapore (Guangfu)	驚, 怕
Gan	Nanchang	怕
	Lichuan	怕
Hakka	Meixian	驚, 怕畏, 畏, 怕
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	狂
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	狂
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	好狂
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	驚
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	怕, 驚, 畏
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	驚
	Wengyuan	驚
	Liannan	驚
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	狂
	Jiexi	驚
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	驚
	Changting	怕
	Wuping	怕
	Wuping (Yanqian)	怕
	Liancheng	嚇
	Ninghua	怕
	Ningdu	怕
	Tonggu (Sandu)	怕
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	怕
	Dayu	怕
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	驚
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	驚
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	驚
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	驚
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	驚
	Hong Kong	狂, 驚
	Mengshan (Xihe)	怕
	Luchuan	狂
	Sabah (Longchuan)	狂
	Senai (Huiyang)	狂
	Singkawang	驚
Huizhou	Jixi	怕, 嚇
Jin	Taiyuan	害怕, 怕
	Xinzhou	著怕, 怕
Northern Min	Jian'ou	驚, 怕, 怯, 畏
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	驚
	Songxi	驚
	Zhenghe	驚
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	驚
	Jianyang	驚
	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	畏
	Wuyishan	嚇
	Pucheng (Shibei)	嚇
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	驚
	Fuzhou (Changle)	驚
	Lianjiang	驚
	Fuqing	驚
	Pingtan	驚
	Yongtai	驚
	Minqing	驚
	Gutian	驚
	Pingnan	驚
	Luoyuan	驚
	Fu'an	驚
	Ningde	驚
	Xiapu	驚
	Zherong	驚
	Shouning	驚
	Zhouning	驚
	Fuding	驚
	Singapore (Fuqing)	驚
Southern Min	Xiamen	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	驚
	Quanzhou	驚, 著驚, 懾, 懾屎, 會攝, 掣
	Jinjiang	驚
	Nan'an	驚
	Shishi	驚
	Hui'an	驚
	Anxi	驚
	Yongchun	驚
	Dehua	驚
	Zhangzhou	驚, 著驚, 驚惶, 懾, 會攝, 掣
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	驚
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	驚
	Hua'an	驚
	Nanjing	驚
	Pinghe	驚
	Zhangpu	驚
	Yunxiao	驚
	Zhao'an	驚
	Dongshan	驚
	Kaohsiung	驚
	Yilan	驚
	Changhua (Lukang)	驚
	Taichung	驚
	Taichung (Wuqi)	驚惶
	Tainan	驚
	Taitung	驚
	Hsinchu	驚
	Kinmen	驚
	Penghu (Magong)	驚
	Penang (Hokkien)	驚
	Singapore (Hokkien)	驚
	Manila (Hokkien)	驚
	Longyan	嚇
	Zhangping	驚
	Datian	驚
	Chaozhou	驚, 畏
	Raoping	驚
	Shantou	驚
	Jieyang	驚, 畏
	Haifeng	驚
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	驚
	Singapore (Teochew)	驚
	Leizhou	驚
	Wenchang	驚
	Haikou	驚
	Qionghai	驚
	Singapore (Hainanese)	驚
Puxian Min	Putian	驚
	Xianyou	驚
Central Min	Yong'an	驚
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	驚
	Sanming (Shaxian)	驚
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	驚
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	狂, 怕
Wu	Shanghai	怕, 嚇
	Shanghai (Chongming)	嚇
	Suzhou	怕, 嚇
	Danyang	怕
	Hangzhou	怕, 嚇, 慌, 怕慌, 發毛
	Ningbo	怕, 嚇
	Wenzhou	怕, 嚇
	Jinhua	光
Xiang	Changsha	怕, 畏怯
	Loudi	怕
	Shuangfeng	怕

References

• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B01092
• “恇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Kanji

恇

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. fear

Readings

• On (unclassified): きょう (kyō), こう (kō)
• Kun: つね (tsune), おそれる (osoreru), 【古語】おづ (ozu)/おじける (ojikeru)

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Korean

Hanja

恇 • (gwang) (hangeul 광, revised gwang, McCune–Reischauer kwang, Yale kwang)

1. fear
2. weak, tender