杜

Translingual

Han character

杜 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木土 (DG), four-corner 4491₀, composition ⿰木土)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 512, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14477
• Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1157, character 2
• Unihan data for U+675C

---

Chinese

simp. and trad.		杜

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	*ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dù (du⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dou⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tǒ͘ / tō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dou⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dù
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dù
    • Wade–Giles: tu⁴
    • Yale: dù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dou⁶
    • Yale: douh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: tǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dou⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou³⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 杜
Mandarin	Beijing	/tu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/tu⁵³/
	Tianjin	/tu⁵³/
	Jinan	/tu²/
	Qingdao	/tu⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/tu³¹²/
	Xi'an	/tu⁴⁴/
	Xining	/tv̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/tu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/tu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/tu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/təu³⁵/
	Chengdu	/tu¹³/
	Guiyang	/tu²¹³/
	Kunming	/tu²¹²/
	Nanjing	/tu⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/tu⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tu⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/tu³⁵/
	Hohhot	/tu⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/du²³/
	Suzhou	/dəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/du¹³/
	Wenzhou	/døy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu²²/
	Tunxi	/təu²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/təu⁵⁵/ /təu¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/təɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu⁵³/
	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tou²²/
	Nanning	/tu²²/
	Hong Kong	/tou²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tɔ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tou²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/tu⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/tou³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdu³³/ ～絕 /ʔdu³⁵/ 姓

---

• Middle Chinese: duX

Rime
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Baxter	duX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duoX/
Pan Wuyun	/duoX/
Shao Rongfen	/doX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔX/
Li Rong	/doX/
Wang Li	/duX/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
No.	12505
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 杜

1. birch-leaved pear ()
2. acerb
3. root
4. to sever
5. to reject; to stop; to prevent; to restrict
6. to flush
7. wide
8. Asarum forbesii
9. ancient, pre-Qin state in modern Shaanxi
10. a surname

---

Japanese

Kanji

杜

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. careless
2. woods; grove
3. Chinese family name "Du"

Readings

• Go-on: ず (zu)
• Kan-on: と (to)
• Kun: もり (mori, 杜)、ふさぐ (fusagu, 杜ぐ)、やまなし (yamanashi, 杜)

Compounds

• 杜撰(ずさん) (zusan): careless, slipshod, faulty
• 杜松(ねず) (nezu)
• 杜氏(とじ) (toji): chief brewer at a sake brewery
• 杜漏(ずろう) (zurō): careless, negligent
• 杜絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu), 途絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu): stoppage; interruption; cessation; suspension
• 杜若(かきつばた) (kakitsubata)

Derived terms

• 杜撰脱漏(ずさんだつろう) (zusandatsurō): careless (slipshod) and with many omissions
• 杜(もり)の都(みやこ) (mori no miyako): lit. City of Trees. Nickname for Sendai, Japan
• 鎮守(ちんじゅ)の杜(もり) (chinju no mori): grove of the village shrine

Synonyms

• 森(もり) (mori)
• 途(と) (to)

Noun

杜(やまなし) • (yamanashi) 

1. Wild Japanese pear or mountain pear

Proper noun

杜(と) • (To) 

1. Du Fu, Chinese poet

---

Korean

Hanja

杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

杜: Hán Việt readings: đỗ (動(động)五(ngũ)切(thiết)), đổ
杜: Nôm readings: đỗ, đậu, đổ, dỏ, đũa, đỏ, dỗ, đủ, giỗ, rổ, trỗ

1. chữ Hán form of Đỗ (“surname”).