-ül
Azerbaijani
Pronunciation
Suffix
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-ül
- Form of -il after the vowels A / I and a consonant other than L.
Derived terms
See -il.
Hungarian
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ül
- (verb-forming suffix) Appended to an adjective to form an intransitive verb. It is similar to -edik.
- (case suffix) Appended to an adjective to form an adverb (the modal sense of the essive-modal case).
- feltétlen (“unconditional, definite”) → feltétlenül (“unconditionally, definitely”)
- török (“Turkish”) → törökül (“in Turkish”)
- (case suffix) as, with the intention of (the essive sense of the essive-modal case)
Usage notes
- (verb-forming suffix) Harmonic variants:
Hungarian case suffixes
Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú |
Front vowel | |
---|---|---|---|
unrounded e, é, i, í |
rounded ö, ő, ü, ű | ||
nominative | — | ||
accusative | -t | ||
-ot / -at | -et | -öt | |
dative | -nak | -nek | |
instrumental | -val | -vel | |
causal-final | -ért | ||
translative | -vá | -vé | |
terminative | -ig | ||
essive-formal | -ként | ||
essive-modal | -ul | -ül | |
inessive | -ban | -ben | |
superessive | -n | ||
-on | -en | -ön | |
adessive | -nál | -nél | |
illative | -ba | -be | |
sublative | -ra | -re | |
allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
elative | -ból | -ből | |
delative | -ról | -ről | |
ablative | -tól | -től | |
Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként. alma — almában, but almaként zene ― zenében, but zeneként |
- (case case) Harmonic variants:
- -ul is added to back vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.
- -ül is added to front vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.
Derived terms
See also
Volapük
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ül
- offspring, young (of an animal), young organism (animal or plant) (e.g. torül = young bull, bullock; kunül = young cow, heifer; pijunül = young dove or pigeon, squab)
- Hypocoristic or used to denote affection for the noun.
Usage notes
- In many languages, the diminutive form of a word can also be used to denote not (just) littleness but (also) affection or intimacy (for the word's referent), whereas in Volapük this secondary meaning of the diminutive is split off, since Volapük attempts, somewhat like Lojban, to avoid polysemy.