काल
Hindi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit](Delhi) IPA(key): /kɑːl/, [käːl]
Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kālá).
Noun
[edit]काल • (kāl) m (Urdu spelling کال)
- time (as a concept)
- era, epoch, age, period
- 2020 February 11, विनीत कुमार [vinīt kumār], “आज का पंचांग: राहु काल और शुभ मुहूर्त का आज क्या है समय, पढ़ें 11 फरवरी का पंचांग [āj kā pañcāṅg: rāhu kāl aur śubh muhūrt kā āj kyā hai samay, paṛhẽ 11 pharavrī kā pañcāṅg]”, in Lokmat News Hindi[1]:
- देश की राजधानी नई दिल्ली में राहु काल दोपहर बाद 03.22 बजे से शुरू होगा और ये 04.45 बजे तक रहेगा।
- deś kī rājdhānī naī dillī mẽ rāhu kāl dophar bād 03.22 baje se śurū hogā aur ye 04.45 baje tak rahegā.
- In New Delhi, the nation's capital, the Rahu period [an astrologically inauspicious time] will begin at 3:22 in the afternoon and it will remain until 4:45.
- (Hinduism) death (personified as Yama)
- 2020 February 12, “जेल में बंद पुत्र से मिलकर लौट रही मां व भाई काल के गाल में समाए [jel mẽ band putra se milkar lauṭ rahī mā̃ va bhāī kāl ke gāl mẽ samāe]”, in Dainik Jagran[2]:
- […] तभी रास्ते में काल बन कर आई बस ने इनकी बाइक में पीछे से धक्का मार दिया, जिससे दोनों की मौत घटनास्थल पर हो गई।
- […] tabhī rāste mẽ kāl ban kar āī bas ne inkī bāik mẽ pīche se dhakkā mār diyā, jisse donõ kī maut ghaṭnāsthal par ho gaī.
- […] and just then a bus arrived in the form of Death and rammed their bike from behind, due to which the deaths of both occurred at the site of the accident.
- (grammar) tense
Declension
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀮 (agāla), from Sanskrit अकाल (akāla, “bad time”).
Noun
[edit]काल • (kāl) m (Urdu spelling کال)
Declension
[edit]Konkani
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kāla).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]काल • (kāl) (Latin script kal, Kannada script ಕಾಲ್)
Marathi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Sanskrit काल (kāla)
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]काल • (kāl)
See also
[edit]Dates relative to today in Marathi (layout · text) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
–3 | –2 | –1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | |
direct speech | three days ago | two days ago | yesterday | today | tomorrow | in two days | in three days |
तेरवा (tervā) | परवा (parvā) | काल (kāl) | आज (āj̈) | उद्या (udyā) | परवा (parvā) | तेरवा (tervā) | |
reported speech | three days before, three days earlier | two days before, two days earlier | the day before | on that day | the next day | two days later | three days later |
[Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] |
References
[edit]- Berntsen, Maxine, “काल”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857) “काल”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- Shridhar Ganesh Vaze (1911) “काल”, in The Aryabhusan School Dictionary, Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press
Pali
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]काल m
- Devanagari script form of kāla (“time”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar][3], page 254; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
- काले इच्चेतं अस्हिकारत्थं वेदितब्बं॥
- Kāle iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.
- Note that time when is the purpose of the section
Declension
[edit]Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative (first) | कालो (kālo) | काला (kālā) |
Accusative (second) | कालं (kālaṃ) | काले (kāle) |
Instrumental (third) | कालेन (kālena) | कालेहि (kālehi) or कालेभि (kālebhi) |
Dative (fourth) | कालस्स (kālassa) or कालाय (kālāya) or कालत्थं (kālatthaṃ) | कालानं (kālānaṃ) |
Ablative (fifth) | कालस्मा (kālasmā) or कालम्हा (kālamhā) or काला (kālā) | कालेहि (kālehi) or कालेभि (kālebhi) |
Genitive (sixth) | कालस्स (kālassa) | कालानं (kālānaṃ) |
Locative (seventh) | कालस्मिं (kālasmiṃ) or कालम्हि (kālamhi) or काले (kāle) | कालेसु (kālesu) |
Vocative (calling) | काल (kāla) | काला (kālā) |
Sanskrit
[edit]Alternative scripts
[edit]- কাল (Assamese script)
- ᬓᬵᬮ (Balinese script)
- কাল (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰯𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (Brahmi script)
- ကာလ (Burmese script)
- કાલ (Gujarati script)
- ਕਾਲ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌕𑌾𑌲 (Grantha script)
- ꦏꦴꦭ (Javanese script)
- 𑂍𑂰𑂪 (Kaithi script)
- ಕಾಲ (Kannada script)
- កាល (Khmer script)
- ກາລ (Lao script)
- കാല (Malayalam script)
- ᡬᠠ᠊ᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘎𑘰𑘩 (Modi script)
- ᢉᠠᢗᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦮𑧑𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑐵𑐮 (Newa script)
- କାଲ (Odia script)
- ꢒꢵꢭ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑆳𑆬 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖯𑖩 (Siddham script)
- කාල (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩜𑩛𑩽 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚊𑚭𑚥 (Takri script)
- கால (Tamil script)
- కాల (Telugu script)
- กาล (Thai script)
- ཀཱ་ལ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑒰𑒪 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨋𑨊𑨬 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *kār; compare Tamil கார் (kār, “black”), கரு (karu), Kannada ಕಾಡು (kāḍu, “blackness, black”), ಕಪ್ಪು (kappu).
Adjective
[edit]काल • (kāla) stem
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of काल (kāla) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कालः kālaḥ |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kālāḥ / kālāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | काल kāla |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kālāḥ / kālāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | कालम् kālam |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालान् kālān |
Instrumental | कालेन kālena |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालैः / कालेभिः¹ kālaiḥ / kālebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कालाय kālāya |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कालात् kālāt |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कालस्य kālasya |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालानाम् kālānām |
Locative | काले kāle |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालेषु kāleṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ī-stem declension of काली (kālī) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | काली kālī |
काल्यौ / काली¹ kālyau / kālī¹ |
काल्यः / कालीः¹ kālyaḥ / kālīḥ¹ |
Vocative | कालि kāli |
काल्यौ / काली¹ kālyau / kālī¹ |
काल्यः / कालीः¹ kālyaḥ / kālīḥ¹ |
Accusative | कालीम् kālīm |
काल्यौ / काली¹ kālyau / kālī¹ |
कालीः kālīḥ |
Instrumental | काल्या kālyā |
कालीभ्याम् kālībhyām |
कालीभिः kālībhiḥ |
Dative | काल्यै kālyai |
कालीभ्याम् kālībhyām |
कालीभ्यः kālībhyaḥ |
Ablative | काल्याः / काल्यै² kālyāḥ / kālyai² |
कालीभ्याम् kālībhyām |
कालीभ्यः kālībhyaḥ |
Genitive | काल्याः / काल्यै² kālyāḥ / kālyai² |
काल्योः kālyoḥ |
कालीनाम् kālīnām |
Locative | काल्याम् kālyām |
काल्योः kālyoḥ |
कालीषु kālīṣu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of काल (kāla) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कालम् kālam |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Vocative | काल kāla |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Accusative | कालम् kālam |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Instrumental | कालेन kālena |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालैः / कालेभिः¹ kālaiḥ / kālebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कालाय kālāya |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कालात् kālāt |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कालस्य kālasya |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालानाम् kālānām |
Locative | काले kāle |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालेषु kāleṣu |
Notes |
|
Descendants
[edit]Noun
[edit]काल • (kāla) stem, m
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of काल (kāla) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कालः kālaḥ |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kālāḥ / kālāsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | काल kāla |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kālāḥ / kālāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | कालम् kālam |
कालौ / काला¹ kālau / kālā¹ |
कालान् kālān |
Instrumental | कालेन kālena |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालैः / कालेभिः¹ kālaiḥ / kālebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कालाय kālāya |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कालात् kālāt |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कालस्य kālasya |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालानाम् kālānām |
Locative | काले kāle |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालेषु kāleṣu |
Notes |
|
See also
[edit]श्वेत (śveta), शुक्ल (śukla), शुभ्र (śubhra), धवल (dhavala) | धूमल (dhūmala), धूसर (dhūsara) | कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa), काल (kāla), श्याम (śyāma), श्याव (śyāva) |
रक्त (rakta), रुधिर (rudhira), रोहित (rohita), लोहित (lohita) | नारङ्ग (nāraṅga); कद्रु (kadru), बभ्रु (babhru) | पीत (pīta); पाण्डु (pāṇḍu) |
हरित (harita), पलाश (palāśa) | ||
नील (nīla) | ||
शोण (śoṇa), नीललोहित (nīlalohita) | पाटल (pāṭala) |
Noun
[edit]काल • (kāla) stem, n
- a black kind of agarwood from Agallochum (now Aquilaria)
- a kind of perfume (कक्कोलक (kakkolaka))
- iron
Declension
[edit]Neuter a-stem declension of काल (kāla) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कालम् kālam |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Vocative | काल kāla |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Accusative | कालम् kālam |
काले kāle |
कालानि / काला¹ kālāni / kālā¹ |
Instrumental | कालेन kālena |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालैः / कालेभिः¹ kālaiḥ / kālebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कालाय kālāya |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कालात् kālāt |
कालाभ्याम् kālābhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कालस्य kālasya |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालानाम् kālānām |
Locative | काले kāle |
कालयोः kālayoḥ |
कालेषु kāleṣu |
Notes |
|
Etymology 2
[edit]Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps an l-form of कार (kāra, “action”), taking "decisive action" as the connotation.
Alternatively, derived from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”); compare Proto-Slavic *vermę̀ (“period of time”) for a parallel semantic development from an earlier "turn" meaning (albeit from a different root).
Hirt compares this to Gothic 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐌻𐌰 (ƕeila, “a while”), while Güntert compares this to Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “measure, time, season”), and takes the l-consonant in काल (kāla) as a preservation of a dialectal form in order to distinguish from कार (kāra).
Probably not a vṛddhi derivative of the root कल् (kal, “to calculate or enumerate”).
Noun
[edit]काल • (kālá) stem, m
- a fixed or right point of time, a space of time, time (in general)
- the proper time or season for (+genitive, dative, locative, in compound, infinitive, or subjunctive with यद् (yad)
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 10.42.9:
- उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले।
यो दे॒वका॑मो॒ न धना॑ रुणद्धि॒ समित्तं रा॒या सृ॑जति स्व॒धावा॑न्॥- utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé.
yó devákāmo ná dhánā ruṇaddhi sámíttáṃ rāyā́ sṛjati svadhā́vān. - Having driven away the assailant, he triumphs; at the time of battle he selects his antagonist as does a gambler. The man who, desirous of gratifying the gods, withholds not his riches, him the powerful Indra associates with wealth.
- utá prahā́matidī́vyā jayāti kṛtáṃ yácchvaghnī́ vicinóti kālé.
- उ॒त प्र॒हाम॑ति॒दीव्या॑ जयाति कृ॒तं यच्छ्व॒घ्नी वि॑चि॒नोति॑ का॒ले।
- occasion, circumstance
- season
- hour
- a period of time, time of the world (युग (yuga))
- measure of time, prosody
- a section, part
- the end
- death by age
- time (as leading to events, the causes of which are imperceptible to the mind of man), destiny, fate
- time (as destroying all things), death, time of death (often personified and represented with the attributes of Yama, regent of the dead, or even identified with him
- c. 400 BCE, Bhagavad Gītā Chapter 11.32:
- कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः।
ऋतेऽपि त्वां न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः- kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ.
ṛteʼpi tvāṃ na bhaviṣyanti sarve yeʼvasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ - I am mighty time, the source of destruction that comes forth to annhilate the worlds.
Even without your participation, the warriors arrayed in the opposing army shall cease to exist.
- kāloʼsmi lokakṣayakṛtpravṛddho lokānsamāhartumiha pravṛttaḥ.
- कालोऽस्मि लोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो लोकान्समाहर्तुमिह प्रवृत्तः।
- Kāla, personified is also a देवर्षि (devarṣi) in Indra's court, and a son of Dhruva
Declension
[edit]Masculine a-stem declension of काल (kālá) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कालः kāláḥ |
कालौ / काला¹ kālaú / kālā́¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kālā́ḥ / kālā́saḥ¹ |
Vocative | काल kā́la |
कालौ / काला¹ kā́lau / kā́lā¹ |
कालाः / कालासः¹ kā́lāḥ / kā́lāsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | कालम् kālám |
कालौ / काला¹ kālaú / kālā́¹ |
कालान् kālā́n |
Instrumental | कालेन kāléna |
कालाभ्याम् kālā́bhyām |
कालैः / कालेभिः¹ kālaíḥ / kālébhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कालाय kālā́ya |
कालाभ्याम् kālā́bhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālébhyaḥ |
Ablative | कालात् kālā́t |
कालाभ्याम् kālā́bhyām |
कालेभ्यः kālébhyaḥ |
Genitive | कालस्य kālásya |
कालयोः kāláyoḥ |
कालानाम् kālā́nām |
Locative | काले kālé |
कालयोः kāláyoḥ |
कालेषु kāléṣu |
Notes |
|
Derived terms
[edit]- कालकूट (kālakū́ṭa, “highest death”)
Descendants
[edit]- Dardic:
- Pali: kāla
- → Khmer: កាល (kaal)
- Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀓𑀮 (kala), 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
- Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
- Central:
- Eastern:
- Northern:
- Northwestern:
- Southern:
- Western:
- Prakrit: 𑀓𑀸𑀮 (kāla)
- → Javanese: ꦏꦭ / kala
- → Malay: kala
- Indonesian: kala
- → Tamil: காலம் (kālam), கால் (kāl)
- → Malayalam: കാലം (kālaṁ)
References
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “काल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0277.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][4] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 343
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 202-203
- Agallochum at Plants of the World Online
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