墮

See also: 堕 and 墜

墮 U+58AE, 墮 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58AE ← 墭 [U+58AD] CJK Unified Ideographs 墯 → [U+58AF]

Translingual

Traditional	墮
Shinjitai	堕
Simplified	堕

Han character

墮 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 弓月土 (NBG) or 難弓月土 (XNBG), four-corner 7410₄, composition ⿱隋土)

Derived characters

• 𡃏, 𭐄, 𣟁, 𥶴

Related characters

• 堕 (Japanese shinjitai and simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 239, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5481
• Dae Jaweon: page 478, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 484, character 3
• Unihan data for U+58AE

Chinese

trad.		墮
simp.		堕
alternative forms		𫝡 隓 obsolete 墯 𡐦 dur (doe6) Cantonese, nonstandard

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隓) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
鬌	*ʔl'oːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *l'ol
隋	*l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol
墮	*l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *hlol
媠	*l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːls
橢	*l̥ʰoːlʔ
嫷	*l̥ʰoːls, *l'oːlʔ
毻	*l̥ʰoːls, *l̥ʰoːds
堶	*l'oːl
憜	*l'oːlʔ
惰	*l'oːlʔ, *l'oːls
嶞	*l'oːlʔ
髓	*slolʔ
瀡	*slolʔ, *slols
隨	*ljol
隓	*hlol
隳	*hlol
撱	*lolʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *hlol) : phonetic 隋 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): duò (duo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): do⁶, doe⁶
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tō / tō͘ / tūi

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: duò
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: duò
    • Wade–Giles: to⁴
    • Yale: dwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duoh
    • Palladius: до (do)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: do⁶, doe⁶
    • Yale: doh, deuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: do⁶, doe⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: do⁶, dê⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔː²²/, /tœː²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō
    • Tâi-lô: tō
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doi
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /to²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /to⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tūi
    • Tâi-lô: tuī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dui
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dwaX, thwaX

Rime
Character	墮	墮
Reading #	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	徒果切	他果切
Baxter	dwaX	thwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Pan Wuyun	/duɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Shao Rongfen	/duɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dwaX/	/tʰwaX/
Li Rong	/duɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Wang Li	/duɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuɑX/	/tʰuɑX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duò	tuǒ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	do6	to2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤojʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰoːlʔ/, /*l'oːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	墮
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	duò
Middle Chinese	‹ dwaX ›
Old Chinese	/*lˁojʔ/
English	to fall
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墮	墮
Reading #	1/3	2/3
No.	5417	5424
Phonetic component	隓	隓
Rime group	歌	歌
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	妥	墮
Old Chinese	/*l̥ʰoːlʔ/	/*l'oːlʔ/

Definitions

墮

1. to fall; to sink
2. to degenerate

   • 故上悖日月之明，下爍山川之精，中墮四時之施，惴耎之蟲，肖翹之物，莫不失其性。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     故上悖日月之明，下烁山川之精，中堕四时之施，惴耎之虫，肖翘之物，莫不失其性。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Gù shàng bèi rìyuè zhī míng, xià shuò shānchuān zhī jīng, zhōng duò sìshí zhī shī, zhuìnuò zhī chóng, xiàoqiào zhī wù, mòbù shī qí xìng. [Pinyin]

     It is just as if, above, the brightness of the sun and moon were darkened; as if, beneath, the productive vigour of the hills and streams were dried up; and as if, between, the operation of the four seasons were brought to an end: in which case there would not be a single weak and wriggling insect, nor any plant that grows up, which would not lose its proper nature.

3. (Cantonese) droopy; saggy
4. Alternative form of 惰 (duò)

Usage notes

• Not to be confused with 墜／坠 (zhuì).

Compounds

• 倭墮髻／倭堕髻 (wǒduòjì)
• 偷墮／偷堕
• 偎慵墮懶／偎慵堕懒
• 功墮垂成／功堕垂成
• 呱呱墮地／呱呱堕地 (gūgūduòdì)
• 墮地／堕地
• 墮崖／堕崖
• 墮業／堕业
• 墮淚／堕泪
• 墮珥遺簪／堕珥遗簪
• 墮皮／堕皮
• 墮胎／堕胎 (duòtāi)
• 墮落／堕落 (duòluò)
• 墮負／堕负
• 墮車／堕车
• 墮雲霧中／堕云雾中
• 墮馬／堕马 (duòmǎ)
• 如墮煙霧／如堕烟雾
• 心膽墮地／心胆堕地
• 捨墮／舍堕
• 撇呆打墮／撇呆打堕
• 瀝膽墮肝／沥胆堕肝
• 白墮／白堕
• 自甘墮落／自甘堕落 (zìgānduòluò)
• 遺簪墮履／遗簪堕履
• 金谷墮樓／金谷堕楼
• 騎者善墮／骑者善堕

 

Pronunciation 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 墮 – see 隳 (“to destroy; to ruin; to damage”). (This character is a variant form of 隳).

Japanese

Shinjitai	堕
Kyūjitai	墮

Kanji

墮

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 堕)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): だ (da)
• Kun: くずれる (kuzureru); くずす (kuzusu); おちる (ochiru)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 墮 (MC thwaX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 퇑〯 (Yale: thwǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 타 (tha) (Yale: tha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [tʰa̠(ː)]
• Phonetic hangul: [타(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

墮 (eumhun 떨어질 타 (tteoreojil ta))

1. Hanja form^? of 타 (“to fall; to degenerate”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 타락 (墮落, tarak)
• 타옥 (墮獄, taok)
• 타태 (墮胎, tatae)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

墮: Hán Nôm readings: đọa/đoạ, đụi, dọa/doạ, dụa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.