既

See also: 旣

Translingual

Han character

既 (Kangxi radical 71, 无+5, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 日戈一女山 (AIMVU), four-corner 7171₄, composition ⿲⿰𠄌彐丶旡)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 485, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13721
• Dae Jaweon: page 848, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1148, character 1
• Unihan data for U+65E2

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Chinese

trad.		既/旣
simp.		既

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 既
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script

Characters in the same phonetic series (旡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
溉	*kɯːds, *kɯds
槩	*kɯːds
概	*kɯːds
摡	*kɯːds, *qʰɯds
慨	*kʰɯːds
嘅	*kʰɯːds
穊	*krɯds
暨	*ɡrɯds, *kɯds, *krɯd
鱀	*ɡrɯds, *ɡɯs
塈	*ɡrɯds, *qʰɯds
既	*kɯds
旡	*kɯds
蔇	*kɯds
炁	*kʰɯds
櫭	*ɡrad
曁	*kɯd

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 皀 (“bowl of rice”) + 旡 (“kneeling figure”) – person kneeling at bowl of rice – sitting down to eat (rice already finished cooking), or turning away (already finished eating).

Note the stroke order in the right component 旡, which may not be clear in the compressed form of this character: the left vertical and second horizontal are one stroke with a corner, while the upper right vertical continues in a diagonal stroke to lower left.

Etymology

Maybe Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Exopassive (perfective) of 訖／讫 (qì, “to finish”); possibly cognate to 暨 (jì, “to reach”), yet see there.

Löffler (1966) compares this to Mru ki (“complete”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jì (ji⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gei³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ki
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kì

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jì
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jì
    • Wade–Giles: chi⁴
    • Yale: jì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
    • Palladius: цзи (czi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gei³
    • Yale: gei
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gei³
    • Guangdong Romanization: géi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki
    • Hakka Romanization System: gi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì
    • Tâi-lô: kì
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kix
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ki²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ki¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kj+jH

Rime
Character	既
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居豙切
Baxter	kj+jH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨiH/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨiH/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨjH/
Li Rong	/kiəiH/
Wang Li	/kĭəiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ke̯iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ə[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	既
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jì
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨjH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ə[t]-s/
English	complete (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	既
Reading #	1/1
No.	5821
Phonetic component	旡
Rime group	隊
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	旣
Old Chinese	/*kɯds/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 既

1. already
2. de facto
3. since

   耶和華神對蛇說：「你既做了這事，就必受咒詛，比一切的牲畜野獸更甚！你必用肚子行走，終身吃土。」 [MSC, trad.]
   耶和华神对蛇说：「你既做了这事，就必受咒诅，比一切的牲畜野兽更甚！你必用肚子行走，终身吃土。」 [MSC, simp.]

   From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:14

   Yēhéhuá Shén duì shé shuō: “Nǐ jì zuò le zhè shì, jiù bì shòu zhòuzǔ, bǐ yīqiè de shēngchù yěshòu gèngshèn! Nǐ bì yòng dùzi xíngzǒu, zhōngshēn chī tǔ.” [Pinyin]

   And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life

4. then
5. both . . . (and...)
6. as well as

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

既

(Jōyō kanji)

1. previously
2. already
3. long ago

Readings

• Go-on: け (ke)
• Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
• Kun: つきる (tsukiru)、すでに (sudeni, 既に, Jōyō)

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Korean

Hanja

既 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 既 (dĩ, kí, ký)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.