艮

See also: 良, 民, and ☶

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

艮 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 日女 (AV), four-corner 7773₂, composition ⿸⿰𠄌彐⿺乀丿)

1. Kangxi radical #138, ⾉.

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/艮
• 根 痕 狠 恨 垠 銀 限 眼 𡯣 鞎 䫀 珢

See also

• 退

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30596
• Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 1
• Unihan data for U+826E

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		艮
alternative forms		𥃩 㫔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 艮
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	*kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	*kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	*ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	*kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	*ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	*ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːns) : 目 (“eye”) + 匕.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gèn (gen⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gan³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ken
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kùn / kìn

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gèn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gèn
    • Wade–Giles: kên⁴
    • Yale: gèn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genn
    • Palladius: гэнь (gɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kən⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gan³
    • Yale: gan
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gan³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gen³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐn³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ken
    • Hakka Romanization System: gen
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gen⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ken⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kùn
    • Tâi-lô: kùn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kuxn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kun⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kun¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kun²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kìn
    • Tâi-lô: kìn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kixn
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: konH

Rime
Character	艮
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古恨切
Baxter	konH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kənH/
Pan Wuyun	/kənH/
Shao Rongfen	/kənH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kənH/
Li Rong	/kənH/
Wang Li	/kənH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kənH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gèn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gan3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːns/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艮
Reading #	1/1
No.	3924
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	艮
Old Chinese	/*kɯːns/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 艮

1. one of the Eight Trigrams 八卦, symbolizing mountains (☶)
2. a surname

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gěn (gen³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄣˇ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gěn
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gěn
    • Wade–Giles: kên³
    • Yale: gěn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: geen
    • Palladius: гэнь (gɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kən²¹⁴/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 艮

1. (dialectal Mandarin) blunt; straightforward
   • 這人真艮。／这人真艮。  ―  Zhè rén zhēn gěn.  ―  That fellow is really blunt.

   • 他說的話太艮。 [MSC, trad.]
     他说的话太艮。 [MSC, simp.]

     Tā shuō de huà tài gěn. [Pinyin]

     He put it too sharply.

2. (dialectal Mandarin) tough, chewy

   • 艮蘿蔔不好吃。 [MSC, trad.]
     艮萝卜不好吃。 [MSC, simp.]

     Gěn luóbo bù hǎochī. [Pinyin]

     Tough radishes are not good for eating.

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Japanese

Kanji

艮

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. northeast

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: こん (kon)
• Kan’yō-on: ごん (gon)
• Kun: うしとら (ushitora, 艮)

Etymology

丑 (ushi) +‎ 寅 (tora)

Noun

艮(うしとら) • (ushitora) 

1. (obsolete) northeast

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Korean

Hanja

艮 (eum 간 (gan))

1. Limit
2. Stop

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Vietnamese

Han character

艮: Hán Nôm readings: cấn, cản, ngắn, ngăn, ngấn, ngẩn, ngổn, ngần

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