野馬

Chinese

		field; plain; open space field; plain; open space; limit; boundary; rude; wild	horse; surname
trad. (野馬)		野	馬
simp. (野马)		野	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yěmǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˇ ㄇㄚˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): je⁵ maa⁵
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yâ-mâ
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iá-bé

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yěmǎ [Phonetic: yémǎ]
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˇ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yěmǎ
    • Wade–Giles: yeh³-ma³
    • Yale: yě-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeemaa
    • Palladius: ема (jema)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: je⁵ maa⁵
    • Yale: yéh máh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: je⁵ maa⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yé⁵ ma⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛː¹³ maː¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yâ-mâ
    • Hakka Romanization System: ia^ˊ ma^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ya¹ ma¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yâ-mâ
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia^ˊ ma^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ya¹ ma¹
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iá-bé
    • Tâi-lô: iá-bé
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iafbea
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ia⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ be⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: dzyoX maeX

Rime
Character	野	馬
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	承與切	莫下切
Baxter	dzyoX	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑɨʌX/	/mˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɔX/	/mᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑiɔX/	/maX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑɨə̆X/	/maɨX/
Li Rong	/ʑiɔX/	/maX/
Wang Li	/ʑĭoX/	/maX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʑi̯woX/	/maX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shù	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syu6	maa5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*lAʔ  mˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*laːʔ  mraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	野	馬
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yě	mǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ yæX ›	‹ mæX ›
Old Chinese	/*lAʔ/	/*mˁraʔ/
English	open country	horse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	野	馬
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	15722	8715
Phonetic component	予	馬
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	野	馬
Old Chinese	/*laːʔ/	/*mraːʔ/

Noun

野馬

1. wild horse; untamed horse
2. (archaic) water vapour, floating clouds or dust in the fields

   • 諧之言曰：「鵬之徙於南冥也，水擊三千里，摶扶搖而上者九萬里，去以六月息者也。」野馬也，塵埃也，生物之以息相吹也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     谐之言曰：「鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。」野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Xié zhī yán yuē: “Péng zhī xǐ yú nánmíng yě, shuǐ jī sānqiān lǐ, tuán fú yáo ér shàng zhě jiǔwàn lǐ, qù yǐ liùyuè xī zhě yě.” Yěmǎ yě, chén'āi yě, shēngwù zhī yǐ xī xiāng chuī yě. [Pinyin]

     We have in it these words: 'When the peng is removing to the Southern Ocean it flaps (its wings) on the water for 3000 li. Then it ascends on a whirlwind 90,000 li, and it rests only at the end of six months.' (But similar to this is the movement of the breezes which we call) the horses of the fields, of the dust (which quivers in the sunbeams), and of living things as they are blown against one another by the air.'

3. Alternative name for 貉 (hé).

Derived terms

• 跑野馬／跑野马

 

Japanese

Kanji in this term
野	馬
や Grade: 2	ば Grade: 2
on'yomi

Kanji in this term
野	馬
の Grade: 2	ま Grade: 2
yutōyomi

Kanji in this term
野	馬
の Grade: 2	うま Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Etymology

野 (no, ya, “field”) +‎ 馬 (uma, ma, ba, “horse”)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) のうま [nóꜜùmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [no̞ɯ̟ma̠]

• (Tokyo) のま [nóꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [no̞ma̠]

• (Tokyo) やば [yáꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ja̠ba̠]

Noun

野(の)馬(うま) or 野(の)馬(ま) or 野(や)馬(ば) • (nouma or noma or yaba) 

1. a wild horse