ruka

See also: rúka

Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruka/

• audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uka

Noun

ruka f

1. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	plural	dual
nominative	ruka	ruce	ruce
genitive	ruky	ruk	rukou
dative	ruce	rukám	rukám
accusative	ruku	ruce	ruce
vocative	ruko	ruce	ruce
locative	ruce	rukách	rukou, rukách
instrumental	rukou	rukami	rukama

Synonyms

• pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa

Related terms

Related terms

• ručit
• zaručit
• doručit

• ručník m
• rukáv m
• rukavice f
• příručka f
• ručnice f
• rukojeť f
• rukověť f
• ručka f
• ručička f

• ruční m
• příruční m
• zručný m
• bezruký
• být ruka v rukávě
• žít z ruky do huby

Further reading

• Template:R:PSJC
• Template:R:SSJC

---

Lower Sorbian

ruce

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f ? (diminutive rucka)

1. hand
2. arm

Declension

Declension of ruka

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ruka	ruce	ruki
Genitive	ruki	rukowu	rukow
Dative	ruce	rukoma	rukam
Accusative	ruku	ruce	ruki
Instrumental	ruku	rukoma	rukami
Locative	ruce	rukoma	rukach

Related terms

• rukajca f

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

---

Mapudungun

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

ruka (using Raguileo Alphabet)

1. house

Descendants

• Spanish: ruca

References

• Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

---

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rǔːka/
• Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка)

1. arm
2. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	plural
nominative	rúka	rȗke
genitive	ruke	rȕkū / rȕkā
dative	rúci	rukama
accusative	ruku	ruke
vocative	ruko	ruke
locative	rúci	rukama
instrumental	rukom	rukama

Synonyms

• roka
• šaka

Derived terms

• poruka
• ručètina
• rùčica
• rȕčka
• rȕčnī
• rȕčnik

• rùkāv
• rukàvica
• rȕkohvāt
• rȕkoljūb
• rȕkomēt
• rȕkopīs
• rukopolágati

• rȕkovati
• rȕkovēt
• rukovòditi
• zȃruke

See also

• šaka (hand)

---

Slavomolisano

Etymology

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rǔːkḁ/

Noun

ruka f

1. hand

Declension

    declension of ruka (series-2b fem)

	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruke
genitive	ruke	ruk, ruki
dative	ruku	rukami, ruki
accusative	ruku	ruke
locative	ruku	ruke
instrumental	rukom	rukami, ruki

References

• Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

---

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈruka/

Noun

ruka f (genitive singular ruky, nominative plural ruky, genitive plural rúk, declension pattern of žena)

1. The upper limb of a human, an arm
2. The hand of a human
3. The hand of a monkey
4. A device similar to a hand or functioning as one

   drevená ruka – a wooden hand (artificial limb)

5. handwriting

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	plural
nominative	ruka	ruky
genitive	ruky	rúk
dative	ruke	rukám
accusative	ruku	ruky
locative	ruke	rukách
instrumental	rukou	rukami

Derived terms

• rúčka f
• ručička f
• záruka f
• zručný

Further reading

• “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

---

Swahili

Verb

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

1. to jump
2. to fly
3. to transgress
4. to denounce
5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka Subjunctive -ruke Negative -ruki Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka) Singular Plural 1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka 2nd person unaruka mnaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki) Singular Plural 1st person siruki haturuki 2nd person huruki hamruki 3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke) Singular Plural 1st person niruke turuke 2nd person uruke mruke 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka) Singular Plural 1st person naruka twaruka 2nd person waruka mwaruka 3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka pa(XVI) paruka mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka "Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka "If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -niruka -turuka 2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka pa(XVI) -paruka mu(XVIII) -muruka Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -rukako pa(XVI) -rukapo mu(XVIII) -rukamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -koruka pa(XVI) -poruka mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -rukia
  • Causative: -rukisha
  • Passive: -rukwa
  • Reciprocal: -rukana
  • Stative: -rukika

• Nominal derivations:
  • urukaji

---

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Noun

ruka f

1. hand

Declension

Declension of ruka

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ruka	ruce	ruki
genitive	ruki	rukow	rukow
dative	ruce	rukomaj	rukam
accusative	ruku	ruce	ruki
instrumental	ruku	rukomaj	rukami
locative	ruce	rukomaj	rukach
vocative	ruka	ruce	ruki