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ruka

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Ruka, rúka, and rūka

Czech

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Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Etymology

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Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [ˈruka]
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
  • Rhymes: -uka

Noun

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ruka f (relational adjective ruční, diminutive ručka or ručička)

  1. hand
    Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa
    kreslit od ruky ― to draw free-hand
    črtat od ruky ― to sketch free-hand
    dát do ruky ― to hand something to someone

Declension

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Declension of ruka
singular plural dual
nominative ruka ruce ruce
genitive ruky ruk rukou
dative ruce rukám rukám
accusative ruku ruce ruce
vocative ruko ruce ruce
locative ruce rukách rukou, rukách
instrumental rukou rukami rukama
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adjectives
nouns
verbs

Further reading

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Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Syllabification(key): ru‧ka
  • Hyphenation(key): ru‧ka

Noun

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ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)

  1. dried, hardened resin
    Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

Declension

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Inflection of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k–∅ gradation)
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukien
partitive rukaa rukia
illative rukaan rukiin
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
accusative nom. ruka ruat
gen. ruan
genitive ruan rukien
rukain rare
partitive rukaa rukia
inessive ruassa ruissa
elative ruasta ruista
illative rukaan rukiin
adessive rualla ruilla
ablative rualta ruilta
allative rualle ruille
essive rukana rukina
translative ruaksi ruiksi
abessive ruatta ruitta
instructive — ruin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k–∅ gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukani rukani
accusative nom. rukani rukani
gen. rukani
genitive rukani rukieni
rukaini rare
partitive rukaani rukiani
inessive ruassani ruissani
elative ruastani ruistani
illative rukaani rukiini
adessive ruallani ruillani
ablative rualtani ruiltani
allative rualleni ruilleni
essive rukanani rukinani
translative ruakseni ruikseni
abessive ruattani ruittani
instructive — —
comitative — rukineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukasi rukasi
accusative nom. rukasi rukasi
gen. rukasi
genitive rukasi rukiesi
rukaisi rare
partitive rukaasi rukiasi
inessive ruassasi ruissasi
elative ruastasi ruistasi
illative rukaasi rukiisi
adessive ruallasi ruillasi
ablative rualtasi ruiltasi
allative ruallesi ruillesi
essive rukanasi rukinasi
translative ruaksesi ruiksesi
abessive ruattasi ruittasi
instructive — —
comitative — rukinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukamme rukamme
accusative nom. rukamme rukamme
gen. rukamme
genitive rukamme rukiemme
rukaimme rare
partitive rukaamme rukiamme
inessive ruassamme ruissamme
elative ruastamme ruistamme
illative rukaamme rukiimme
adessive ruallamme ruillamme
ablative rualtamme ruiltamme
allative ruallemme ruillemme
essive rukanamme rukinamme
translative ruaksemme ruiksemme
abessive ruattamme ruittamme
instructive — —
comitative — rukinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukanne rukanne
accusative nom. rukanne rukanne
gen. rukanne
genitive rukanne rukienne
rukainne rare
partitive rukaanne rukianne
inessive ruassanne ruissanne
elative ruastanne ruistanne
illative rukaanne rukiinne
adessive ruallanne ruillanne
ablative rualtanne ruiltanne
allative ruallenne ruillenne
essive rukananne rukinanne
translative ruaksenne ruiksenne
abessive ruattanne ruittanne
instructive — —
comitative — rukinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative rukansa rukansa
accusative nom. rukansa rukansa
gen. rukansa
genitive rukansa rukiensa
rukainsa rare
partitive rukaansa rukiaan
rukiansa
inessive ruassaan
ruassansa 		ruissaan
ruissansa
elative ruastaan
ruastansa 		ruistaan
ruistansa
illative rukaansa rukiinsa
adessive ruallaan
ruallansa 		ruillaan
ruillansa
ablative rualtaan
rualtansa 		ruiltaan
ruiltansa
allative rualleen
ruallensa 		ruilleen
ruillensa
essive rukanaan
rukanansa 		rukinaan
rukinansa
translative ruakseen
ruaksensa 		ruikseen
ruiksensa
abessive ruattaan
ruattansa 		ruittaan
ruittansa
instructive — —
comitative — rukineen
rukinensa

Derived terms

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Ingrian

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Ruka.

Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ruka

  1. (hardened) resin

Declension

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Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukkiin
partitive rukkaa rukkia
illative rukkaa rukkii
inessive ruas ruis
elative ruast ruist
allative rualle ruille
adessive rual ruil
ablative rualt ruilt
translative ruaks ruiks
essive rukanna, rukkaan rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1) rukant rukint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

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See also

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  • pihka (“liquid resin”)

References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

Lower Sorbian

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ruce

Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ruka f (diminutive rucka)

  1. hand
  2. arm

Declension

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Declension of ruka
singular dual plural
nominative ruka ruce ruki
genitive ruki rukowu rukow
dative ruce rukoma rukam
accusative ruku ruce ruki
instrumental ruku rukoma rukami
locative ruce rukoma rukach
[edit]

Further reading

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  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Mapudungun

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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ruka (Raguileo spelling)

  1. house

Descendants

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  • Spanish: ruca

References

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  • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ruka f

  1. hand

Declension

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Declension of ruka (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative ruka rucě ruky
genitive ruky rukú ruk
dative rucě rukama rukám
accusative ruku rucě ruky
vocative ruko rucě ruky
locative rucě rukú rukách
instrumental rukú rukama rukami
This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.

Descendants

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Further reading

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Old Slovak

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Etymology

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Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *rónk-eh₂
Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ
Proto-Slavic *rǫka
Old Slovak ruka

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka.

    Noun

    [edit]

    ruka f (diminutive ručička)

    1. hand (of the human body: the upper limb from the wrist down, including fingers, used for work and manipulation)
      • 1781, ASL 1781. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        zbroj sem do ruky vzal, abych lapajících mne rychle rozehnal
        I took a weapon into my hand to quickly disperse those catching me
      s prázdnymi rukami ― penniless, without means (literally, “with empty hands”)
      • 1671, STAŠKOV 1671 LP. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        museli by sme všetko predat... a zatym rukami praznyma z pribytkov našich ven jiti
        we would have to sell everything... and then go out of our dwellings with empty hands
      z ruky do ruky ― from hand to hand
      • 1763, KS 1763. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        traditio: z ruki do ruki oddané lidské umeni
        tradition: human knowledge passed from hand to hand
      rukami i nohami ― at all costs, tooth and nail (literally, “with hands and feet”)
      • 1750, WU 1750. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        summa ambitione: rukama y nohama, nechty y zuby
        with the greatest ambition: with hands and feet, nails and teeth
      ruka ruku umýva ― one hand washes the other (literally, “hand washes hand”)
      • 1678, SiN 1678. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        manus manum fricat: ruka ruku umjwa
        one hand rubs the other: hand washes hand
    2. hand, power, discipline (figurative: representing God, authority, or strict control)
      • 1753, KT 1753. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        ruka Panie priliss tiasska nas dotkla se
        the hand of the Lord has touched us too heavily
    3. (synecdochic) generosity, theft (figurative: used in idioms describing personal character traits)
      • 1758, MS 1758. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        lidé chitlawi, z dluhimi rukami gsu mnozi nesprawedliwi pani
        grasping people with long hands [thieves] are many unjust lords
    4. handwriting, script, signature (of documents: the style of writing or a person's own autograph)
      • 1750, WU 1750. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        máss pěkné pjsmo, dobru ruku
        you have fine writing, a good hand
    5. hand (of clocks: the pointer used to indicate time on a dial)
      • 1714, ŽILINA 1714. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):
        kdy hodini transferowal na druhu wežu a znowu ruky accomodowal
        when he moved the clock to the other tower and adjusted the hands again

    Descendants

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    Further reading

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    • Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “ruka”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC

    Rwanda-Rundi

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    Verb

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    -ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

    1. to vomit, to puke

    Further reading

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    • “kuruka” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

    Serbo-Croatian

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    Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia sh

    Alternative forms

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    Etymology

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      Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

      Pronunciation

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      • IPA(key): /rǔːka/
      • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

      Noun

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      rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка, relational adjective rȕčnī, diminutive rùčica, augmentative ručètina)

      1. arm
      2. hand
        Synonym: šȁka
        rukom u ruci ― hand in hand

      Declension

      [edit]
      Declension of ruka
      singular plural
      nominative rúka rȗke
      genitive rúkē rȕkū / rùkū / rúkā
      dative rúci / rȗci rùkama
      accusative rȗku rȗke
      vocative rȗko rȗke
      locative rúci rùkama
      instrumental rúkōm rùkama

      Note: the genitive plural rúkā is colloquial.

      Derived terms

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      Further reading

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      • “ruka”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

      Slavomolisano

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      Etymology

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      From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

      Pronunciation

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      Noun

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      ruka f

      1. hand

      Declension

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      Declension of ruka (series-2b fem)
      singular plural
      nominative ruka ruke
      genitive ruke ruk, ruki
      dative ruku rukami, ruki
      accusative ruku ruke
      locative ruku ruke
      instrumental rukom rukami, ruki

      References

      [edit]
      • Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

      Slovak

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      Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia sk

      Etymology

      [edit]
      Etymology tree
      Proto-Indo-European *rónk-eh₂
      Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ
      Proto-Slavic *rǫka
      Old Slovak ruka
      Slovak ruka

        Inherited from Old Slovak ruka.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • IPA(key): /ruka/, [ˈruka]
        • Audio (Bratislava):(file)
        • Rhymes: -uka
        • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

        Noun

        [edit]

        ruka f (relational adjective ručný, diminutive rúčka or ručička)

        1. hand, arm (the upper limb of a human, or specifically the part from the wrist down)
          Hypernym: končatina
          pravá ruka ― one's right-hand man (literally, “right hand”)
          podať pomocnú ruku ― to lend a helping hand (literally, “to give a helping hand”)
          dať za niekoho ruku do ohňa ― to vouch for someone (literally, “to put one's hand into fire for someone”)
          mať voľnú ruku ― to have a free hand / to have carte blanche (literally, “to have a free hand”)
          žiť z ruky do úst ― to live from hand to mouth (literally, “to live from hand to mouth”)
          kúpiť niečo pod rukou ― to buy something under the table (literally, “to buy something under the hand”)
          ruka ruku umýva ― one hand washes the other (literally, “hand washes hand”)
          mať plné ruky práce ― to have one's hands full (literally, “to have full hands of work”)
          je to na dosah ruky ― it is within arm's reach (literally, “it is at the reach of the hand”)
          Keď uvidela starú priateľku, radostne jej začala mávať rukou. ― When she saw her old friend, she joyfully started waving her hand at her.
        2. (metonymic) handwriting, hand (the characteristic features of someone's writing style)
          Synonyms: rukopis, písmo
          Hoci list nebol podpísaný, matka okamžite spoznala synovu roztrasenú ruku. ― Although the letter was not signed, the mother immediately recognized her son's shaky hand.
        3. (synecdochic) person, hand, agent (symbolizes a person who performs an action or provides labor)
          Synonyms: človek, pracovník, sila
          V našej malej rodinnej pekárni sú každé šikovné ruky vítané. ― In our small family bakery, every pair of skillful hands is welcome.
        4. (metonymic) hand, arm, lever (an object resembling a hand, such as a prosthetic or a mechanical part)
          Synonyms: protéza, rameno, páka
          Mechanická ruka robota presne umiestnila súčiastku na bežiaci pás. ― The robot's mechanical arm (hand) precisely placed the part onto the conveyor belt.

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of ruka
        (pattern žena)
        singularplural
        nominativerukaruky
        genitiverukyrúk
        dativerukerukám
        accusativerukuruky
        locativerukerukách
        instrumentalrukourukami

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        Further reading

        [edit]
        • “ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

        Swahili

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Verb

        [edit]

        -ruka (infinitive kuruka)

        1. to jump
        2. to fly
        3. to transgress
        4. to denounce, refuse, decline, deny
        5. to shrink clothes

        Conjugation

        [edit]
        Conjugation of -ruka
        Positive present -naruka
        Subjunctive -ruke
        Negative -ruki
        Imperative singular ruka
        Infinitives
        Positive kuruka
        Negative kutoruka
        Imperatives
        Singular ruka
        Plural rukeni
        Tensed forms
        Habitual huruka
        Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka
        Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
        Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka)
        Singular Plural
        1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka
        2nd person unaruka mnaruka
        3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka
        other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
        Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki)
        Singular Plural
        1st person siruki haturuki
        2nd person huruki hamruki
        3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki
        other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
        Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka
        Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
        Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke)
        Singular Plural
        1st person niruke turuke
        2nd person uruke mruke
        3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke
        other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
        Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke
        Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka
        Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka
        Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka
        Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
        Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka)
        Singular Plural
        1st person naruka twaruka
        2nd person waruka mwaruka
        3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka
        m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka
        ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka
        ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka
        n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka
        u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
        ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka
        pa(XVI) paruka
        mu(XVIII) mwaruka
        Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka
        "Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka
        "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka
        "If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka
        "If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka
        Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka
        Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
        Object concord (indicative positive)
        Singular Plural
        1st person -niruka -turuka
        2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni
        3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka
        m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka
        ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka
        ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka
        n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka
        u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
        ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka
        pa(XVI) -paruka
        mu(XVIII) -muruka
        Reflexive -jiruka
        Relative forms
        General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker)
        Singular Plural
        m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao
        m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo
        ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo
        ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo
        n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo
        u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
        ku(XV/XVII) -rukako
        pa(XVI) -rukapo
        mu(XVIII) -rukamo
        Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka)
        Singular Plural
        m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka
        m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka
        ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka
        ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka
        n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka
        u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
        ku(XV/XVII) -koruka
        pa(XVI) -poruka
        mu(XVIII) -moruka
        Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

        Derived terms

        [edit]

        Ternate

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Verb

        [edit]

        ruka

        1. to wrench

        Conjugation

        [edit]
        Conjugation of ruka
        singular plural
        inclusive exclusive
        1st person toruka foruka miruka
        2nd person noruka niruka
        3rd
        person         		masculine oruka iruka
        yoruka (archaic)
        feminine moruka
        neuter iruka

        References

        [edit]
        • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001), A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

        Upper Sorbian

        [edit]

        Etymology

        [edit]

        Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫkà.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • IPA(key): /ˈʀuka/
        • Rhymes: -uka
        • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
        • Syllabification: ru‧ka

        Noun

        [edit]

        ruka f (anatomy)

        1. hand (organ at the end of the upper limbs of man, which is used especially for grasping)
        2. arm (part of the upper limb located between the shoulder and elbow joints)

        Declension

        [edit]
        Declension of ruka (feminine velar stem)
        singular dual plural
        nominative ruka ruce ruki
        genitive ruki rukow rukow
        dative ruce rukomaj rukam
        accusative ruku ruce ruki
        instrumental ruku rukomaj rukami
        locative ruce rukomaj rukach
        vocative ruka ruce ruki

        References

        [edit]
        • “ruka” in Soblex
        Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ruka&oldid=91460224"