ruka

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See also: Ruka, rúka, and rūka

Czech[edit]

Czech Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cs

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Old Czech ruka, from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [ˈruka]
  • (file)
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka
  • Rhymes: -uka

Noun[edit]

ruka f (related adjective ruční)

  1. hand
    Synonyms: pařát, pazour, pracka, tlapa
    kreslit od rukyto draw free-hand
    črtat od rukyto sketch free-hand
    dát do rukyto hand something to someone

Declension[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • ruka in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • ruka in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
  • ruka in Internetová jazyková příručka

Finnish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *ruka.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈrukɑ/, [ˈrukɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ukɑ
  • Syllabification(key): ru‧ka

Noun[edit]

ruka (dialectal, South Karelia, Tavastia, Ingria)

  1. dried, hardened resin
    Synonyms: kuivunut pihka, kovettunut pihka

Declension[edit]

Inflection of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k- gradation)
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukien
partitive rukaa rukia
illative rukaan rukiin
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
accusative nom. ruka ruat
gen. ruan
genitive ruan rukien
rukainrare
partitive rukaa rukia
inessive ruassa ruissa
elative ruasta ruista
illative rukaan rukiin
adessive rualla ruilla
ablative rualta ruilta
allative rualle ruille
essive rukana rukina
translative ruaksi ruiksi
abessive ruatta ruitta
instructive ruin
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of ruka (Kotus type 10*D/koira, k- gradation)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukani rukani
accusative nom. rukani rukani
gen. rukani
genitive rukani rukieni
rukainirare
partitive rukaani rukiani
inessive ruassani ruissani
elative ruastani ruistani
illative rukaani rukiini
adessive ruallani ruillani
ablative rualtani ruiltani
allative rualleni ruilleni
essive rukanani rukinani
translative ruakseni ruikseni
abessive ruattani ruittani
instructive
comitative rukineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative rukasi rukasi
accusative nom. rukasi rukasi
gen. rukasi
genitive rukasi rukiesi
rukaisirare
partitive rukaasi rukiasi
inessive ruassasi ruissasi
elative ruastasi ruistasi
illative rukaasi rukiisi
adessive ruallasi ruillasi
ablative rualtasi ruiltasi
allative ruallesi ruillesi
essive rukanasi rukinasi
translative ruaksesi ruiksesi
abessive ruattasi ruittasi
instructive
comitative rukinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukamme rukamme
accusative nom. rukamme rukamme
gen. rukamme
genitive rukamme rukiemme
rukaimmerare
partitive rukaamme rukiamme
inessive ruassamme ruissamme
elative ruastamme ruistamme
illative rukaamme rukiimme
adessive ruallamme ruillamme
ablative rualtamme ruiltamme
allative ruallemme ruillemme
essive rukanamme rukinamme
translative ruaksemme ruiksemme
abessive ruattamme ruittamme
instructive
comitative rukinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative rukanne rukanne
accusative nom. rukanne rukanne
gen. rukanne
genitive rukanne rukienne
rukainnerare
partitive rukaanne rukianne
inessive ruassanne ruissanne
elative ruastanne ruistanne
illative rukaanne rukiinne
adessive ruallanne ruillanne
ablative rualtanne ruiltanne
allative ruallenne ruillenne
essive rukananne rukinanne
translative ruaksenne ruiksenne
abessive ruattanne ruittanne
instructive
comitative rukinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative rukansa rukansa
accusative nom. rukansa rukansa
gen. rukansa
genitive rukansa rukiensa
rukainsarare
partitive rukaansa rukiaan
rukiansa
inessive ruassaan
ruassansa
ruissaan
ruissansa
elative ruastaan
ruastansa
ruistaan
ruistansa
illative rukaansa rukiinsa
adessive ruallaan
ruallansa
ruillaan
ruillansa
ablative rualtaan
rualtansa
ruiltaan
ruiltansa
allative rualleen
ruallensa
ruilleen
ruillensa
essive rukanaan
rukanansa
rukinaan
rukinansa
translative ruakseen
ruaksensa
ruikseen
ruiksensa
abessive ruattaan
ruattansa
ruittaan
ruittansa
instructive
comitative rukineen
rukinensa

Derived terms[edit]

Ingrian[edit]

Ruka.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Finnic *ruka. Cognates include Finnish ruka and Veps ruga.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka

  1. (hardened) resin

Declension[edit]

Declension of ruka (type 3/koira, k- gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative ruka ruat
genitive ruan rukkiin
partitive rukkaa rukkia
illative rukkaa rukkii
inessive ruas ruis
elative ruast ruist
allative rualle ruille
adessive rual ruil
ablative rualt ruilt
translative ruaks ruiks
essive rukanna, rukkaan rukinna, rukkiin
exessive1) rukant rukint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

  • pihka (liquid resin)

References[edit]

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 490

Lower Sorbian[edit]

ruce

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka f inan (diminutive rucka)

  1. hand
  2. arm

Declension[edit]

Related terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “ruka”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999), “ruka”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Mapudungun[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka (Raguileo spelling)

  1. house

Descendants[edit]

  • Spanish: ruca

References[edit]

  • Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Old Czech[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Rwanda-Rundi[edit]

Verb[edit]

-ruka (infinitive kuruka, perfective -rutse)

  1. to vomit, to puke

Further reading[edit]

  • kuruka ” in Kinyarwanda-English Dictionary.

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sh

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /rǔːka/
  • Hyphenation: ru‧ka

Noun[edit]

rúka f (Cyrillic spelling ру́ка)

  1. arm
  2. hand
    rukom u rucihand in hand

Declension[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • ruka” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Slavomolisano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Serbo-Croatian ruka.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension[edit]

References[edit]

  • Walter Breu and Giovanni Piccoli (2000), Dizionario croato molisano di Acquaviva Collecroce: Dizionario plurilingue della lingua slava della minoranza di provenienza dalmata di Acquaviva Collecroce in Provincia di Campobasso (Parte grammaticale).

Slovak[edit]

Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia sk

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

ruka f (genitive singular ruky, nominative plural ruky, genitive plural rúk, declension pattern of žena)

  1. arm (upper limb)
    Synonym: rameno
  2. hand (with opposable thumb)
  3. a device similar to a hand or functioning as one
    drevená rukaa wooden hand (artificial limb)
  4. handwriting

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • ruka”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Swahili[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

-ruka (infinitive kuruka)

  1. to jump
  2. to fly
  3. to transgress
  4. to denounce
  5. to shrink clothes

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of -ruka
Positive present -naruka
Subjunctive -ruke
Negative -ruki
Imperative singular ruka
Infinitives
Positive kuruka
Negative kutoruka
Imperatives
Singular ruka
Plural rukeni
Tensed forms
Habitual huruka
Positive past positive subject concord + -liruka
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuruka
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naruka)
Singular Plural
1st person ninaruka/naruka tunaruka
2nd person unaruka mnaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaruka wanaruka
other classes positive subject concord + -naruka
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ruki)
Singular Plural
1st person siruki haturuki
2nd person huruki hamruki
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haruki hawaruki
other classes negative subject concord + -ruki
Positive future positive subject concord + -taruka
Negative future negative subject concord + -taruka
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -ruke)
Singular Plural
1st person niruke turuke
2nd person uruke mruke
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruke waruke
other classes positive subject concord + -ruke
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -siruke
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeruka
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeruka
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliruka
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliruka
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aruka)
Singular Plural
1st person naruka twaruka
2nd person waruka mwaruka
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aruka waruka
m-mi(III/IV) waruka yaruka
ji-ma(V/VI) laruka yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) charuka vyaruka
n(IX/X) yaruka zaruka
u(XI) waruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaruka
pa(XVI) paruka
mu(XVIII) mwaruka
Perfect positive subject concord + -meruka
"Already" positive subject concord + -mesharuka
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaruka
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kiruka
"If not" positive subject concord + -siporuka
Consecutive karuka / positive subject concord + -karuka
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -karuke
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -niruka -turuka
2nd person -kuruka -waruka/-kurukeni/-warukeni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mruka -waruka
m-mi(III/IV) -uruka -iruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -liruka -yaruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiruka -viruka
n(IX/X) -iruka -ziruka
u(XI) -uruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuruka
pa(XVI) -paruka
mu(XVIII) -muruka
Reflexive -jiruka
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ruka- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -rukaye -rukao
m-mi(III/IV) -rukao -rukayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -rukalo -rukayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -rukacho -rukavyo
n(IX/X) -rukayo -rukazo
u(XI) -rukao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -rukako
pa(XVI) -rukapo
mu(XVIII) -rukamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ruka)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yeruka -oruka
m-mi(III/IV) -oruka -yoruka
ji-ma(V/VI) -loruka -yoruka
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choruka -vyoruka
n(IX/X) -yoruka -zoruka
u(XI) -oruka see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -koruka
pa(XVI) -poruka
mu(XVIII) -moruka
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms[edit]

Ternate[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

ruka

  1. to wrench

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of ruka
Singular Plural
Inclusive Exclusive
1st toruka foruka miruka
2nd noruka niruka
3rd Masculine oruka iruka, yoruka
Feminine moruka
Neuter iruka
- archaic

References[edit]

  • Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Upper Sorbian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *rǫka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ránkāˀ.

Noun[edit]

ruka f

  1. hand

Declension[edit]