ár
Faroese
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
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From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
Noun
ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)
Declension
Declension of ár | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
accusative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
dative | ári | árinum | árum | árunum |
genitive | árs | ársins | ára | áranna |
Etymology 2
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).
Noun
ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)
Declension
f6 | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | ár | árin | árar | árarnar |
Accusative | ár | árina | árar | árarnar |
Dative | ár | árini | árum | árunum |
Genitive | árar | árarinnar | ára | áranna |
Hungarian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa (“price, value”).[1]
Noun
ár (plural árak)
- price
- borsos ár ― an exorbitant price
- borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg
Declension
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árat | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | áraim |
2nd person sing. | árad | áraid |
3rd person sing. | ára | árai |
1st person plural | árunk | áraink |
2nd person plural | áratok | áraitok |
3rd person plural | áruk | áraik |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).[2]
Noun
ár (plural árak)
Declension
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived terms
(Compound words):
Etymology 3
From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).[3]
Noun
ár (plural árak)
- awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)
Declension
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Etymology 4
From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).[4]
Noun
ár (plural árak)
- are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived terms
References
- ^ Entry #26 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ Entry #1747 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ Entry #676 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
- ^ ár in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Icelandic
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).[1]
Adverb
ár
Derived terms
Etymology 2
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From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
Noun
ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)
- year
- indefinite accusative singular of ár
- indefinite nominative plural of ár
- indefinite accusative plural of ár
Declension
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).[1]
Noun
ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)
- oar
- indefinite accusative singular of ár
- indefinite dative singular of ár
Declension
Derived terms
- árabátur
- árinni kennir illur ræðari
- koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
- leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
- róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
- taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)
Etymology 4
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
- inflection of á:
References
Irish
Etymology 1
From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nes- (“we, us”); compare German unser.
Pronunciation
Determiner
ár (triggers eclipsis)
- our
- ár dteach ― our house
- Ár nAthair ― Our Father
See also
Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
Third neuter | — | ea | — | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E |
Etymology 2
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From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).
Pronunciation
Noun
ár m (genitive singular áir)
Declension
Bare forms (no plural of this noun)
|
Forms with the definite article:
|
Derived terms
- ar pháirc an áir (“on the battle-field”)
Etymology 3
Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.
Pronunciation
Noun
ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)
- are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
Declension
Mutation
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
ár | n-ár | hár | t-ár |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ár”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Template:R:ga:Dinneen
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ár (‘slaughter’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Finck, F. N. (1899) Die araner mundart (in German), volume II, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 16
Old Irish
Etymology
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From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”).
Noun
ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)
- slaughter, carnage
- defeat, destruction
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
- du ár
- glosses ad cedem
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113b4
- etarcnae áir mo namat
- glosses de cede hostium
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
Inflection
Neuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Vocative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Accusative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Genitive | áirL | ár | árN |
Dative | árL | áraib, áirib | áraib, áirib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms
Descendants
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
ár | unchanged | n-ár |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Norse
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”). Cognate with Old English ġēar, Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r- (“year”).
Noun
ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)
Declension
Derived terms
- árangr (“season”)
- áratal (“number of years”)
- áratala (“calculation of years”)
- árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
- árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
- árferð (“season”)
- árgallalauss (“fertile”)
- árgalli (“failure of crop”)
- árgangr (“year's course”)
- árguð (“Frey”)
- árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
- árliga (“yearly”)
- árligr (“annual, early”)
- ármaðr (“steward”)
- ármenning (“stewardship”)
- ársamr (“fertile”)
- árskyld (“yearly rent”)
- ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
- ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
- ártal (“reckoning by years”)
- ártekja (“yearly rent”)
- árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)
- árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)
Descendants
- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian: år (Bokmål), år (Nynorsk)
- Old Swedish: ar, ār
- Swedish: år
- Old Danish: aar
- Danish: år
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Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).
Adverb
ár (not comparable)
Descendants
- Icelandic: ár, árla
- Norwegian: årle (Bokmål), årle (Nynorsk)
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Etymology 3
From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.
Noun
ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)
Declension
Descendants
- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian:
- Old Swedish: ar, ār, āra
- Swedish: åra
- Danish: åre
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- → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārr’j)[1]
Etymology 4
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Noun
ár
- (deprecated template usage) genitive singular of á
- Template:nominative plural of
- Template:accusative plural of
References
- ár in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, R. Cleasby and G. Vigfússon, Clarendon Press, 1874, at Internet Archive.
- ár in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.
- ^ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
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