戀

See also: 恋

戀 U+6200, 戀 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6200 ← 懿 [U+61FF] CJK Unified Ideographs 戁 → [U+6201]

戀 U+F990, 戀 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F990 ← 憐 [U+F98F] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 撚 → [U+F991]

Translingual

Japanese	恋
Simplified	恋
Traditional	戀

Han character

戀 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+19, 23 strokes, cangjie input 女火心 (VFP), four-corner 2233₉, composition ⿱龻心)

Derived characters

• 纞 㜻 𡆕 𡈻 𢦋 𤼣 𦣛 𧆎 𨈌(𨄄) 𬬦

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 409, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11504
• Dae Jaweon: page 751, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2372, character 8
• Unihan data for U+6200

• Unihan data for U+F990

Chinese

trad.		戀
simp.		恋*
alternative forms		𤕈

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (䜌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蠻	*mroːn
矕	*mroːnʔ
變	*prons
鸞	*b·roːn
巒	*b·roːn
灤	*b·roːn
欒	*b·roːn
鑾	*b·roːn
臠	*b·roːn, *b·ronʔ
羉	*b·roːn
䜌	*b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons
灓	*b·roːn, *b·roːns, *b·rons
圝	*b·roːn
曫	*b·roːn
孿	*smroːns, *smrons
彎	*qroːn
灣	*qroːn
攣	*b·ron
孌	*b·ronʔ, *b·rons
戀	*b·rons
㪻	*pʰlons, *klons

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rons) : phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liàn (lian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lyun² / lyun⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lun²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lien
• Eastern Min (BUC): luông
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): loân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): luang³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶li

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
    • Wade–Giles: lien⁴
    • Yale: lyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
    • Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lyun² / lyun⁵
    • Yale: lyún / lyúhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lyn² / lyn⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lün² / lün⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lyːn³⁵/, /lyːn¹³/

Note: lyun5 - variant.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lun²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lun⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien
    • Hakka Romanization System: lien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: luông
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃uɔŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loân
    • Tâi-lô: luân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: loaan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /luan²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /luan²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /luan¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /luan²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /luan²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: luang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: luàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /luaŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶li
    • MiniDict: li^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³li
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 戀
Mandarin	Beijing	/lian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/lian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/lian⁵³/
	Jinan	/liã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/liã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/lyan⁴²/
	Xi'an	/luã²⁴/
	Xining	/lyã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/lian¹³/ /luan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/luɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/lian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/niɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/nian¹³/
	Guiyang	/nian²¹³/
	Kunming	/liɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/lien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/luæ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/luɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/lye³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/li²³/
	Suzhou	/liɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/liẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/li²²/
Hui	Shexian	/le²²/
	Tunxi	/liɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/liẽ⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/niẽ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/liɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/lien⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/lien⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lyn³⁵/
	Nanning	/lin²²/
	Hong Kong	/lyn³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/luan³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/luɔŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/nuiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/luaŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/lin³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: ljwenH

Rime
Character	戀
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	仙 (78)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力卷切
Baxter	ljwenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liuᴇnH/
Pan Wuyun	/lʷiɛnH/
Shao Rongfen	/ljuænH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lwianH/
Li Rong	/liuɛnH/
Wang Li	/lĭwɛnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯wɛnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	luàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lyun6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]on-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*b·rons/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	戀
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ljwenH ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]on-s/
English	to long for
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	戀
Reading #	1/1
No.	8632
Phonetic component	
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	戀
Old Chinese	/*b·rons/

Definitions

戀

1. (literary, or in compounds) to love

   戀愛／恋爱  ―  liàn'ài  ―  to be in love

2. (literary, or in compounds) to long for; to yearn for; to feel attached to

   留戀／留恋  ―  liúliàn  ―  to be reluctant to leave

   • 羈鳥戀舊林，池魚思故淵。 [MSC, trad.]
     羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 5th century, Tao Yuanming, 歸園田居·其一

     Jīniǎo liàn jiù lín, chíyú sī gù yuān. [Pinyin]

     A cageling cherishes the memory of its old forest while pond fish miss their quondam deep pool.

Synonyms

• (to love): 愛／爱 (ài)

Compounds

• 三角戀愛／三角恋爱 (sānjiǎo liàn'ài)
• 久戀／久恋 (jiǔliàn)
• 依戀／依恋 (yīliàn)
• 初戀／初恋 (chūliàn)
• 同性戀／同性恋 (tóngxìngliàn)
• 單戀／单恋 (dānliàn)
• 失戀／失恋 (shīliàn)
• 婉戀／婉恋
• 師生戀／师生恋 (shīshēngliàn)
• 思戀／思恋
• 愛戀／爱恋 (àiliàn)
• 懷戀／怀恋
• 戀人／恋人 (liànrén)
• 戀土難移／恋土难移
• 戀家／恋家 (liànjiā)
• 戀情／恋情 (liànqíng)
• 戀愛／恋爱 (liàn'ài)
• 戀慕／恋慕 (liànmù)
• 戀戀／恋恋 (liànliàn)
• 戀戀不捨／恋恋不舍 (liànliànbùshě)
• 戀戀難捨／恋恋难舍
• 戀戰／恋战 (liànzhàn)
• 戀新忘舊／恋新忘旧
• 戀曲／恋曲 (liànqǔ)
• 戀枕／恋枕
• 戀棧／恋栈 (liànzhàn)
• 戀歌／恋歌 (liàngē)
• 戀母情結／恋母情结 (liànmǔ qíngjié)
• 戀父情結／恋父情结
• 戀物／恋物 (liànwù)
• 戀生惡死／恋生恶死
• 戀舊／恋旧 (liànjiù)
• 戀酒貪杯／恋酒贪杯
• 戀酒貪色／恋酒贪色
• 戀酒貪花／恋酒贪花
• 戀酒迷花／恋酒迷花
• 戀闕／恋阙
• 擇戀／择恋
• 攀戀／攀恋
• 晚戀／晚恋
• 暗戀／暗恋 (ànliàn)
• 棧戀／栈恋
• 無心戀棧／无心恋栈
• 熱戀／热恋 (rèliàn)
• 犬馬之戀／犬马之恋
• 犬馬戀主／犬马恋主
• 留戀／留恋 (liúliàn)
• 畸戀／畸恋 (jīliàn)
• 相戀／相恋 (xiāngliàn)
• 眷戀／眷恋 (juànliàn)
• 瞻天戀闕／瞻天恋阙
• 移情別戀／移情别恋 (yíqíngbiéliàn)
• 網路戀情／网路恋情
• 繫戀／系恋
• 罣戀／罣恋
• 耽花戀酒／耽花恋酒
• 自戀／自恋 (zìliàn)
• 自由戀愛／自由恋爱
• 良醞可戀／良酝可恋
• 談戀愛／谈恋爱 (tán liàn'ài)
• 貪戀／贪恋 (tānliàn)
• 貪花戀酒／贪花恋酒
• 貼戀／贴恋
• 迷戀／迷恋 (míliàn)
• 速食戀愛／速食恋爱
• 顧戀／顾恋
• 駑馬戀棧／驽马恋栈

 

Japanese

Shinjitai	恋
Kyūjitai	戀

Kanji

戀

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 恋)

1. Kyūjitai form of 恋: attract, love

Readings

• Go-on: れん (ren)
• Kan-on: れん (ren)
• Kun: こい (koi, 戀)^{←こひ (kofi, 戀, historical)}、こいしい (koishii, 戀しい)^{←こひしい (kofisii, 戀しい, historical)}、こう (kou, 戀う)^{←こふ (kofu, 戀ふ, historical)}

Korean

Hanja

戀 (eumhun 사모할 련 (samohal ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 사모할 연 (samohal yeon))

1. hanja form^? of 련/연 (“love”)
2. hanja form^? of 련/연 (“long for, yearn for”)

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

The 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) and 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 戀ふ (ko₁pu, “to love, yearn”).

Noun

戀 (ko₁pi₂) (kana こひ)

1. love, especially romantic love
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 596:
     , text here

     八百日徃濱之沙毛吾戀二豈不益歟奥嶋守

     yapoka yuku hama no₂ manago₁ no₂ aga ko₁pi₂ ni ani masarazi oki₁ tu simamori

     On so vast a shore―that one could walk eight hundred days―would the grains of sand number greater than my love, o guardian of the outer isles?

2. longing, yearning
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 325:
     , text here

     明日香河川余藤不去立霧乃念應過孤悲尓不有國

     Asuka-gapa kapayo₂do₂ sarazu tatu ki₁ri no₂ omopi₁ sugu beki ko₁pi₂ ni aranaku ni

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

• 戀し (ko₁pi₂si)
• 戀す (ko₁pi₂su)
• 戀の奴 (ko₁pi₂ no yatuko₁)

Descendants

• Japanese: 恋 (こい, koi)

Etymology 2

Appears in 東歌 (Azuma uta, literally “eastern songs”) in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).

The distinction of ⟨-i₁⟩ and ⟨-i₂⟩ in some Eastern dialects has been lost. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

戀 (ko₁pi₁) (kana こひ)

1. (regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) Same as コ^甲ヒ^乙 (ko₁pi₂) above
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4366:
     , text here

     比多知散思由可牟加里母我阿我古比乎志留志弖都祁弖伊母尓志良世牟

     Pi₁tati sasi yukamu kari moga aga ko₁pi₁ wo sirusite tuge₁te imo ni sirasemu

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms

• 戀し (ko₁pi₁si)

Vietnamese

Han character

戀: Hán Việt readings: luyến
戀: Nôm readings: luyến, luýnh

1. chữ Hán form of luyến (“love, fondness (compounds)”).