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See also: 马

Translingual

Template:Hani-forms

Stroke order

Etymology

Pictogram (象形) ; derived from the pictogram of a horse with its head turned to look back and showing a flowing mane in the wind. The four short strokes at its base (灬) represent its feet, and the sweeping hook stroke in the lower right represents its tail.

Compare also (deprecated template usage) 鳥, whose current form is similar (graphically, 灬 for claws/legs).

Contrast with (deprecated template usage) 鹿, which saw a very different development, and (deprecated template usage) 𢊁 (as in 薦), which is a hybrid: it has the the legs of 馬 (灬) but the head of 鹿.

Historical forms of the character 馬
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)			Liushutong (compiled in Ming)	Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Shizhoupian script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Clerical script

Characters in the same phonetic series (馬) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
馬	*mraːʔ
碼	*mraːʔ
罵	mraːʔ, mraːs
鷌	*mraːʔ
鰢	*mraːʔ
瑪	*mraːʔ
榪	*mraːs
傌	*mraːs
禡	*mraːs
媽	*maːʔ


Clerical script	Semi-cursive script	Cursive script

Han character

Lua error in Module:zh-han at line 312: The value of "canj" parameter is invalid.

horse
used as a surname
KangXi radical 187 馬

Derived terms

媽, 嗎, 闖, 罵, 螞, 碼, 瑪, 榪, 獁, 傌, 溤, 鐸, 遤, 鎷, 禡, 䣕, 㾺, 褭
Index:Chinese radical/馬

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1433, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
Unihan data for U+99AC

Cantonese

Hanzi

馬 (simplified 马, Jyutping maa5, Yale ma5)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Japanese

Kanji

Stroke order (Japan)

馬

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

horse

Readings

Go-on: め (me)
Kan-on: ば (ba)
Kan’yō-on: ま (ma)
Kun: うま (uma)

Compounds

牛馬 (うしうま, ushi uma): oxen and horses
河馬 (かば, kaba): hippopotamus, a hippo, a sea cow
馬酔木
馬が合う
馬面
馬鹿 (ばか, baka): unintelligent and foolish; idiotic, stupid
馬鹿力
馬脚
馬具
馬券
馬耳東風
馬車 (ばしゃ, basha): horse-drawn carriage, wagon or cart

Template:mid2

馬糧 (ばりょう, baryō): horse feed
馬車馬
馬術 (うまじゅつ, umajutsu): A horseback rider; an equestrian
馬上 (ばじょう, bajō): horseback riding
馬力: horsepower
馬鈴薯 (ばれいしょ, bareisho): potato (Solanum tuberosum)
馬簾
子馬 (こうま, kouma): a baby horse; a foal
馬子 (まご, mago): packhorse driver
馬手
木馬: a wooden horse
競馬 (けいば, keiba): horse race
弓馬: archery and horsemanship

Etymology 1

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese. Recorded in the Nihon Shoki as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, with the earlier reading of ma. The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word (deprecated template usage) 梅 (ume, mume).

Pronunciation

Kun'yomi
(deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): [ɯᵝ.ꜛmä]

Noun

Lua error in Module:Jpan-headword at line 736: Parameter "hira" is not used by this template.

a horse
(deprecated template usage) (shogi) a promoted bishop
a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials

Etymology 2

Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation

Kun'yomi
(deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): [mɯᵝ.ꜛmä]

Noun

Lua error in Module:Jpan-headword at line 736: Parameter "hira" is not used by this template.

(deprecated template usage) (obsolete) a horse
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
  
  阿志加良能美佐可多麻波理可閇理美須阿例波久江由久阿良志乎母多志夜波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久牟麻能都米都久志能佐伎尓知麻利為弖阿例波伊波々牟母呂々々波佐祁久等麻乎須可閇利久麻弖尓
- c. 935 Tosa Nikki
  ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
- c. 935 Tosa Nikki
  けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。

References

Template:reference-book
Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man’yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2003, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja

馬 • (ma)

Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 마 (revised: ma, McCune–Reischauer: ma, Yale: ma)
- Name (hangeul): 말, 성Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Please migrate to the syntax described at Template:ko-hanja/new

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

馬車 (마차, macha): horse-drawn carriage
競馬 (경마, gyeongma): horserace

Mandarin

Hanzi

馬 (simplified 马, Pinyin mǎ (ma3), Wade-Giles ma³)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

Min Nan

Hanzi

Template:nan-hanzi

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 馬 (mã, mứa, mựa, mở)

horse (large four-legged animal)

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 ==Japanese==
 ===Kanji===
 {{stroke order|strokes=10|type=jbw}}
@@ Line 59: / Line 60: @@
 ====Readings====
-* {{ja-readings|kanon=[[ば]] (ba)|goon=[[め]] (me)|kanyoon=[[ま]] (ma)|kun=[[うま]] (uma)}}
+{{ja-readings
+|kanon=[[ば]] (ba)
+|goon=[[め]] (me)
+|kanyoon=[[ま]] (ma)
+|kun=[[うま]] (uma)
+}}
 ====Compounds====
@@ Line 92: / Line 98: @@
 ===Etymology 1===
+From {{etyl|ojp|ja|sort=うま}}.  Recorded in the [[w:Nihon Shoki|Nihon Shoki]] as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of [[w:Baekje|Baekje]], with the earlier reading of ''ma''.  The initial ''m'' sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to ''*mma'', becoming then ''uma'' or ''muma'', via processes also seen in the word {{term|lang=ja|梅|tr=ume, mume||plum}}.
+The ''ma'' sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root.  Compare {{etyl|mnc|-}} {{term|lang=mnc||morin|horse}}, {{etyl|mgt|-}} {{term|lang=mgt|морь|tr=morj||horse}}, {{etyl|ko|-}} {{term|lang=ko|말|tr=mal||horse}}, {{etyl|cmn|-}} {{term|lang=cmn|馬|tr=mă||horse}}, and {{proto|Indo-European|mark(')-|horse}} and descendants such as {{etyl|ga|-}} {{term|lang=ga|marc||horse|pos=archaic}} or {{etyl|en|-}} {{term|lang=en|mare||female horse}}.
 ====Pronunciation====
+* [[訓読み|Kun'yomi]]
-* {{IPA|/u.&#42779;ma/|lang=ja}}
+* {{IPA|lang=ja|[ɯᵝ.ꜛmä]}}
 ====Noun====
 {{ja-noun|k|hira=うま|rom=uma}}
-# [[horse]]
+# a [[horse]]
-# {{shogi|lang=ja|skey=うま}} promoted [[bishop]]
+# {{context|lang=ja|sort=うま|shogi}} a promoted [[bishop]]
-# [[sawhorse]]. A four-leg [[stand]] made by wood or iron for supporting some materials, such as a car body for car maintenance, or a piece of wood for sawing it.
+# a [[sawhorse]]: a four-leg [[stand]] made of wood or iron for supporting other materials
 ===Etymology 2===
+Shift from ''uma'' form, becoming more common starting from the [[w:Heian period|Heian Period]].  This change later reverted, and ''muma'' is now considered obsolete.
+====Pronunciation====
+* [[訓読み|Kun'yomi]]
+* {{IPA|lang=ja|[mɯᵝ.ꜛmä]}}
 ====Noun====
 {{ja-noun|k|hira=むま|rom=muma}}
-# a [[horse]]
+# {{context|lang=ja|sort=むま|obsolete}} a [[horse]]
 #* {{RQ:Man'yōshū|20|4372}}
 #*: 阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 '''牟麻'''能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓

馬: difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:14, 29 June 2012

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