libero

See also: Libero and libéro

English

Etymology

From Italian libero (literally “free one”). So called because he has no direct opponent to mark and is therefore free to join in the offensive. The volleyball use is younger.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbəɹəʊ/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbəɹoʊ/, (nonstandard) /lɪˈbɛɹoʊ/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Noun

libero (plural liberos)

1. (soccer) A central defender to whom no forward is assigned for marking, forming the last line of defence and often initiating the offensive play.

   Synonym: sweeper

   • 2024 January 8, Sachin Nakrani, “Franz Beckenbauer, World Cup-winning captain and manager, dies aged 78”, in The Guardian‎^[1], →ISSN:

     Nicknamed “Der Kaiser”, Beckenbauer was as elegant as he was dominant, and such was his assurance in possession that he came to master the modern sweeper role, or libero. More so, he is credited with creating it.

2. (volleyball) A designated back-row player intended to be used as a ball-control specialist.

Usage notes

• (volleyball): in volleyball rules and other official documents, Libero is always capitalised. In common usage it follows normal capitalisation rules and conventions.

Translations

football player

• Catalan: defensa lliure (ca) m or f
• Dutch: libero (nl) m
• Estonian: vabakaitsja
• Finnish: libero (fi)
• French: libero (fr) m, libéro (fr) m
• German: Libero (de) m
• Greek: λίμπερο (el) (límpero), ελεύθερος (el) (eléftheros)
• Swedish: libero (sv) c

volleyball player

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 自由人 (zìyóurén)

• Estonian: libero (et)
• Finnish: libero (fi)
• French: libero (fr) m, libéro (fr) m
• German: Libero (de) m
• Polish: libero (pl)
• Portuguese: líbero (pt) m or f
• Russian: либеро (ru) (libero)
• Swedish: libero (sv) c

Anagrams

• boiler, reboil

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero

1. (volleyball) a libero
2. (soccer) a sweeper

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlɪbɛro]

Noun

libero n

1. (soccer) libero, sweeper
2. (volleyball) libero (designated back-row player specialized in defensive skills)

Declension

Declension of libero (hard neuter)

	singular	plural
nominative	libero	libera
genitive	libera	liber
dative	liberu	liberům
accusative	libero	libera
vocative	libero	libera
locative	liberu	liberech
instrumental	liberem	libery

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian libero.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.beː.roː/, /ˈli.bə.roː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero m (plural libero's)

1. (volleyball) a libero
2. (soccer) a libero, a sweeper [from 1960s]

   Synonym: ausputzer

Anagrams

• boiler

Finnish

Etymology

From Italian libero.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlibero/, [ˈlibe̞ro̞]
• Rhymes: -ibero
• Hyphenation^(key): li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero

1. (soccer) sweeper, libero

Declension

Inflection of libero (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation)
nominative		libero	liberot
genitive		liberon	liberojen liberoiden liberoitten
partitive		liberoa	liberoja liberoita
illative		liberoon	liberoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		libero	liberot
accusative	nom.	libero	liberot
	gen.	liberon
genitive		liberon	liberojen liberoiden liberoitten
partitive		liberoa	liberoja liberoita
inessive		liberossa	liberoissa
elative		liberosta	liberoista
illative		liberoon	liberoihin
adessive		liberolla	liberoilla
ablative		liberolta	liberoilta
allative		liberolle	liberoille
essive		liberona	liberoina
translative		liberoksi	liberoiksi
abessive		liberotta	liberoitta
instructive		—	liberoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of libero (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative liberoni liberoni accusative nom. liberoni liberoni gen. liberoni genitive liberoni liberojeni liberoideni liberoitteni partitive liberoani liberojani liberoitani inessive liberossani liberoissani elative liberostani liberoistani illative liberooni liberoihini adessive liberollani liberoillani ablative liberoltani liberoiltani allative liberolleni liberoilleni essive liberonani liberoinani translative liberokseni liberoikseni abessive liberottani liberoittani instructive — — comitative — liberoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative liberosi liberosi accusative nom. liberosi liberosi gen. liberosi genitive liberosi liberojesi liberoidesi liberoittesi partitive liberoasi liberojasi liberoitasi inessive liberossasi liberoissasi elative liberostasi liberoistasi illative liberoosi liberoihisi adessive liberollasi liberoillasi ablative liberoltasi liberoiltasi allative liberollesi liberoillesi essive liberonasi liberoinasi translative liberoksesi liberoiksesi abessive liberottasi liberoittasi instructive — — comitative — liberoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative liberomme liberomme accusative nom. liberomme liberomme gen. liberomme genitive liberomme liberojemme liberoidemme liberoittemme partitive liberoamme liberojamme liberoitamme inessive liberossamme liberoissamme elative liberostamme liberoistamme illative liberoomme liberoihimme adessive liberollamme liberoillamme ablative liberoltamme liberoiltamme allative liberollemme liberoillemme essive liberonamme liberoinamme translative liberoksemme liberoiksemme abessive liberottamme liberoittamme instructive — — comitative — liberoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative liberonne liberonne accusative nom. liberonne liberonne gen. liberonne genitive liberonne liberojenne liberoidenne liberoittenne partitive liberoanne liberojanne liberoitanne inessive liberossanne liberoissanne elative liberostanne liberoistanne illative liberoonne liberoihinne adessive liberollanne liberoillanne ablative liberoltanne liberoiltanne allative liberollenne liberoillenne essive liberonanne liberoinanne translative liberoksenne liberoiksenne abessive liberottanne liberoittanne instructive — — comitative — liberoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative liberonsa liberonsa accusative nom. liberonsa liberonsa gen. liberonsa genitive liberonsa liberojensa liberoidensa liberoittensa partitive liberoaan liberoansa liberojaan liberoitaan liberojansa liberoitansa inessive liberossaan liberossansa liberoissaan liberoissansa elative liberostaan liberostansa liberoistaan liberoistansa illative liberoonsa liberoihinsa adessive liberollaan liberollansa liberoillaan liberoillansa ablative liberoltaan liberoltansa liberoiltaan liberoiltansa allative liberolleen liberollensa liberoilleen liberoillensa essive liberonaan liberonansa liberoinaan liberoinansa translative liberokseen liberoksensa liberoikseen liberoiksensa abessive liberottaan liberottansa liberoittaan liberoittansa instructive — — comitative — liberoineen liberoinensa

Further reading

• “libero”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

French

Pronunciation

• Audio (Switzerland):

  (file)

Noun

libero m (plural liberos)

1. Alternative spelling of libéro

Galician

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin līberum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.be.ro/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ibero
• Hyphenation: lì‧be‧ro

Adjective

libero (feminine libera, masculine plural liberi, feminine plural libere, superlative liberissimo)

1. free (not imprisoned or enslaved)

   Un uomo libero. ― A free man.

2. clear, unobstructed (without blockages)

   Il passaggio era libero. ― The passage was clear.

3. free (without obligations)

   tempo libero ― Free time; leisure time

   Sono libero stasera. ― I am free this evening.

4. free (that does not have to be paid for)

   Ingresso libero. ― Free admission.

5. free (as in "free software")

   Software libero. ― Free software.

Related terms

• liberamente
• liberare
• liberismo
• liberista
• libero professionista
• libertà
• via libera

Descendants

• → Ladino: libero

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberare

Noun

libero m (plural liberi)

1. (soccer) libero, sweeper

Further reading

• libero in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Ladino

Etymology

From Italian libero.

Adjective

libero

1. free

Latin

Etymology

From līber (“free”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈliː.be.roː/, [ˈlʲiːbɛroː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈli.be.ro/, [ˈliːbero]

Adjective

līberō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of līber

Verb

līberō (present infinitive līberāre, perfect active līberāvī, supine līberātum); first conjugation

1. to free, set free, liberate

   Synonyms: eximō, absolvō, vindicō, exuō, exonerō, excipiō, prīvō

   Antonyms: refrēnō, coerceō, saepiō, officiō, obstō, comprimō, impediō, arceō, supprimō

   Camillus Rōmam ex obsidiōne Gallōrum līberāvit.

   Camillus liberated Rome from the siege of the Gauls.

2. to release, deliver

   Synonyms: persolvō, absolvō, exonerō, excipiō, eximō, servō, extrahō, prīvō

3. to absolve, acquit

   Synonyms: exonerō, absolvō, probō

   Antonyms: coarguō, comperiō

Conjugation

   Conjugation of līberō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	līberō		līberās		līberat		līberāmus		līberātis		līberant
	imperfect	līberābam		līberābās		līberābat		līberābāmus		līberābātis		līberābant
	future	līberābō		līberābis		līberābit		līberābimus		līberābitis		līberābunt
	perfect	līberāvī		līberāvistī, līberāstī3		līberāvit, līberāt3		līberāvimus, līberāmus3		līberāvistis, līberāstis3		līberāvērunt, līberārunt, līberāvēre3
	pluperfect	līberāveram, līberāram3		līberāverās, līberārās3		līberāverat, līberārat3		līberāverāmus, līberārāmus3		līberāverātis, līberārātis3		līberāverant, līberārant3
	future perfect	līberāverō, līberārō3		līberāveris, līberāris3		līberāverit, līberārit3		līberāverimus, līberārimus3		līberāveritis, līberāritis3		līberāverint, līberārint3
	sigmatic future1	līberāssō		līberāssis		līberāssit		līberāssimus		līberāssitis		līberāssint
passive	present	līberor		līberāris, līberāre		līberātur		līberāmur		līberāminī		līberantur
	imperfect	līberābar		līberābāris, līberābāre		līberābātur		līberābāmur		līberābāminī		līberābantur
	future	līberābor		līberāberis, līberābere		līberābitur		līberābimur		līberābiminī		līberābuntur
	perfect	līberātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	līberātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	līberātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	līberem		līberēs		līberet		līberēmus		līberētis		līberent
	imperfect	līberārem		līberārēs		līberāret		līberārēmus		līberārētis		līberārent
	perfect	līberāverim, līberārim3		līberāverīs, līberārīs3		līberāverit, līberārit3		līberāverīmus, līberārīmus3		līberāverītis, līberārītis3		līberāverint, līberārint3
	pluperfect	līberāvissem, līberāssem3		līberāvissēs, līberāssēs3		līberāvisset, līberāsset3		līberāvissēmus, līberāssēmus3		līberāvissētis, līberāssētis3		līberāvissent, līberāssent3
	sigmatic aorist1	līberāssim		līberāssīs		līberāssīt		līberāssīmus		līberāssītis		līberāssint
passive	present	līberer		līberēris, līberēre		līberētur		līberēmur		līberēminī		līberentur
	imperfect	līberārer		līberārēris, līberārēre		līberārētur		līberārēmur		līberārēminī		līberārentur
	perfect	līberātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	līberātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular						plural
		first		second		third		first		second		third
active	present	—		līberā		—		—		līberāte		—
	future	—		līberātō		līberātō		—		līberātōte		līberantō
passive	present	—		līberāre		—		—		līberāminī		—
	future	—		līberātor		līberātor		—		—		līberantor
non-finite forms		infinitive						participle
		active			passive			active			passive
present		līberāre			līberārī, līberārier2			līberāns			—
future		līberātūrum esse			līberātum īrī			līberātūrus			līberandus
perfect		līberāvisse, līberāsse3			līberātum esse			—			līberātus
future perfect		—			līberātum fore			—			—
perfect potential		līberātūrum fuisse			—			—			—
verbal nouns		gerund								supine
		genitive		dative		accusative		ablative		accusative		ablative
		līberandī		līberandō		līberandum		līberandō		līberātum		līberātū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

• līberāmentum
• līberātiō
• līberātor
• līberātrīx
• līberātus

Related terms

• līber
• līberālis
• līberālitās
• līberāliter
• līberē
• līberī
• libērta
• lībērtās
• lībērtīnus
• lībērtō
• lībērtus

Descendants

• Italo-Romance:
  • Italian: liverare, livrare
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: lliurar
  • Occitan: liurar
  • Old French: livrer
    • French: livrer
    • → Middle Dutch: leveren
      • Dutch: leveren
        • Afrikaans: lewer
        • Negerhollands: leveer, leweer, lever
        • → Indonesian: lever
        • → Sranan Tongo: leifer
          • → Caribbean Javanese: léfer, ngléfer
          • → Kari'na: reifyry
    • → Middle English: lyveren
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: llibrar
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: livrar
    • Galician: librar
    • Portuguese: livrar
  • Spanish: librar
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: liberar
  • → English: liberate
  • → French: libérer
    • → Romanian: libera
  • → Galician: liberar
  • → Italian: liberare
  • → Occitan: liberar
  • → Piedmontese: liberé
  • → Portuguese: liberar
  • → Spanish: liberar
  • → Venetan: łibarar

Noun

līberō

1. dative/ablative singular of līber

Lithuanian

Noun

libero

1. genitive singular of liberas (“Liberian”)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɛɾu

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian libero.

Noun

libero m (plural libero)

1. (soccer) sweeper

Declension

Declension of libero

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	libero	liberoul		libero	liberoi
genitive-dative	libero	liberoului		libero	liberolor
vocative	liberoule			liberolor

References

• libero in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /liˈbeɾo/ [liˈβ̞e.ɾo]
• Rhymes: -eɾo
• Syllabification: li‧be‧ro

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar