騎
|
Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]騎 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+8, 18 strokes, cangjie input 尸火大一口 (SFKMR), four-corner 74321, composition ⿰馬奇)
Descendants
[edit]Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1440, character 36
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44817
- Dae Jaweon: page 1964, character 31
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4560, character 8
- Unihan data for U+9A0E
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 騎 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 骑 | |
alternative forms | 𮪍 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Old Chinese | |
---|---|
奇 | *kral, *ɡral |
畸 | *kral |
剞 | *kral, *kralʔ |
羇 | *kral |
掎 | *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰrals |
攲 | *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰral |
躸 | *kral |
踦 | *kralʔ, *kʰral |
寄 | *krals |
徛 | *krals, *ɡralʔ |
欹 | *kʰral, *qral |
崎 | *kʰral, *ɡɯl |
觭 | *kʰral, *kʰralʔ |
碕 | *kʰral, *kʰralʔ, *ɡral, *ɡɯl |
綺 | *kʰralʔ |
婍 | *kʰralʔ |
騎 | *ɡral, *ɡrals |
琦 | *ɡral |
鵸 | *ɡral |
錡 | *ɡral, *ɡralʔ, *ŋɡralʔ |
輢 | *ɡrals, *qralʔ, *qrals |
齮 | *ŋɡralʔ |
犄 | *qral |
猗 | *qral, *qralʔ |
椅 | *qral, *qralʔ |
旖 | *qral, *qralʔ |
陭 | *qral, *qrals |
檹 | *qral |
漪 | *qral |
倚 | *qralʔ, *qrals |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback
Etymology
[edit]Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎".
Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai:
... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi).
while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003):
The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504).
Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund.
- Lolo-Burmese: *gyi ~ dzyi: Burmese စီး (ci:), Nuosu ꋩ (zzy, “to ride; to bear (a rider)”), ꊪ (zy, “to cause to ride”)
- Southwestern Tai: *kʰwiːᴮ: Thai ขี่ (kìi), Lao ຂີ່ (khī), Zhuang gwih
- Hmong-Mien: *ɟej: White Hmong caij
- Mon-Khmer: West Bahnaric *ɟih, Khmer ជិះ (cih), Vietnamese cưỡi
Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”).
Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ke4 / kei4
- Gan (Wiktionary): qi2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): qi1
- Northern Min (KCR): guòi
- Eastern Min (BUC): kiè / kià
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ji
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ji2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cí
- Wade–Giles: chʻi2
- Yale: chí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
- Palladius: ци (ci)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чи (či, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ke4 / kei4
- Yale: kèh / kèih
- Cantonese Pinyin: ke4 / kei4
- Guangdong Romanization: ké4 / kéi4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɛː²¹/, /kʰei̯²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- ke4 - vernacular;
- kei4 - literary.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khì
- Hakka Romanization System: kiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ki2
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: qi1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰi¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guòi
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuɛ⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kiè / kià
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰie⁵³/, /kʰia⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- kiè - colloquial (“to ride”);
- kià - colloquial (“to straddle; to bestride”).
- Southern Min
- khiâ/khâ - vernacular;
- khî/kî - literary.
- Middle Chinese: gje
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.ɡ(r)aj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡral/
Definitions
[edit]騎
Synonyms
[edit]Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 騎 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 騎 |
Malaysia | 騎 | |
Singapore | 騎 | |
Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 騎 |
Xi'an | 騎 | |
Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 踩, 騎 |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 騎 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 踩, 踹 |
Hong Kong | 踩, 踹 | |
Taishan | 踩 | |
Dongguan | 踩 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 騎, 踩 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 騎 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 騎 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 騎 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 騎 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 騎 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 騎 | |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 騎 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 騎 |
Quanzhou | 騎 | |
Zhangzhou | 騎 | |
Tainan | 騎 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 踏 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 踏 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 踏 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 踏 | |
Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 坐 |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 坐, 踩 |
Wu | Shanghai | 踏 |
Compounds
[edit]- 人善得人欺,馬善得人騎/人善得人欺,马善得人骑 (rén shàn dé rén qī, mǎ shàn dé rén qí)
- 倒騎/倒骑
- 勢如騎虎/势如骑虎
- 勢成騎虎/势成骑虎
- 帖騎/帖骑
- 握蛇騎虎/握蛇骑虎
- 旄騎/旄骑
- 王喬騎鶴/王乔骑鹤
- 輜騎/辎骑
- 騎上老虎/骑上老虎
- 騎乘/骑乘 (qíchéng)
- 騎兩頭馬/骑两头马
- 騎兵/骑兵 (qíbīng)
- 騎兵團/骑兵团
- 騎士/骑士
- 騎士教育/骑士教育
- 騎射/骑射 (qíshè)
- 騎師/骑师 (qíshī)
- 騎手/骑手 (qíshǒu)
- 騎樓/骑楼 (qílóu)
- 騎牆/骑墙 (qíqiáng)
- 騎牆之見/骑墙之见
- 騎牛覓牛/骑牛觅牛
- 騎箕尾/骑箕尾
- 騎縫/骑缝 (qífèng)
- 騎縫章/骑缝章
- 騎者善墮/骑者善堕
- 騎虎之勢/骑虎之势
- 騎虎難下/骑虎难下 (qíhǔnánxià)
- 騎術/骑术 (qíshù)
- 騎車/骑车 (qíchē)
- 騎鞍壓馬/骑鞍压马
- 騎馬/骑马 (qímǎ)
- 騎馬尋馬/骑马寻马
- 騎馬找馬/骑马找马
- 騎驢/骑驴
- 騎驢覓驢/骑驴觅驴
- 騎鶴揚州/骑鹤扬州
- 騎龍/骑龙 (Qílóng)
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): kei3 / gei6
- Northern Min (KCR): gǐ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gì
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cí
- Wade–Giles: chʻi2
- Yale: chí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyi
- Palladius: ци (ci)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jì
- Wade–Giles: chi4
- Yale: jì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kei3 / gei6
- Yale: kei / geih
- Cantonese Pinyin: kei3 / gei6
- Guangdong Romanization: kéi3 / géi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰei̯³³/, /kei̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- kei3 - vernacular;
- gei6 - literary.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gì
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Middle Chinese: gjeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)aj-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrals/
Definitions
[edit]騎
- horse or vehicle that one rides on
- mounted soldier
- (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses.
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “Entry #12782”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
騎 |
き Grade: S |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 騎 (MC gje|gjeH). Already used phonetically in Old Japanese to spell unvoiced ki, as in the place name 阿騎・安騎 (Aki, a former hunting ground in Nara).[1]
Attested as a counter in the early 1200s, and as a standalone noun in the late 1800s.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]- riding on horseback
- a horseperson
Counter
[edit]- [early 1200s] horseperson
Noun
[edit]- riding on horseback
- [1877] (rare) a horseperson
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]騎 (eumhun 말을 탈 기 (mareul tal gi))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]騎: Hán Nôm readings: kị, kỵ, cưỡi, cỡi
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han phono-semantic compounds
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Dungan hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Gan hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Jin hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Xiang hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese verbs
- Mandarin verbs
- Dungan verbs
- Cantonese verbs
- Gan verbs
- Hakka verbs
- Jin verbs
- Northern Min verbs
- Eastern Min verbs
- Hokkien verbs
- Teochew verbs
- Wu verbs
- Xiang verbs
- Middle Chinese verbs
- Old Chinese verbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 騎
- Chinese vulgarities
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Chinese classifiers
- Mandarin classifiers
- Cantonese classifiers
- Northern Min classifiers
- Eastern Min classifiers
- Middle Chinese classifiers
- Old Chinese classifiers
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Northern Min proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese literary terms
- Chinese surnames
- Beginning Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ぎ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading き
- Japanese kanji with kun reading の・る
- Japanese terms spelled with 騎 read as き
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese affixes
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 騎
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese counters
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with rare senses
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters