獨立

See also: 独立

Chinese

		alone; independent; single alone; independent; single; sole; only	set up; to stand
trad. (獨立)		獨	立
simp. (独立)		独	立

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): dúlì

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ

  (Chengdu, SP): du² ni²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дўли (dwli, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): duk⁶ laap⁶, duk⁶ lap⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k-li̍p
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): to̍k-li̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dog⁸ lib⁸

• Wu (Wiktionary): ⁵doq-liq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dúlì
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dúlì
    • Wade–Giles: tu²-li⁴
    • Yale: dú-lì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwulih
    • Palladius: дули (duli)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵ li⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 獨力／独力 獨立／独立

  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: du² ni²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duli
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹ ni²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дўли (dwli, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²⁴ li²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: duk⁶ laap⁶, duk⁶ lap⁶
    • Yale: duhk laahp, duhk lahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ laap⁹, duk⁹ lap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ lab⁶, dug⁶ leb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚² laːp̚²/, /tʊk̚² lɐp̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k-li̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: tug lib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tug⁶ lib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵ lip̚⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k-li̍p
    • Tâi-lô: to̍k-li̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doglip
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔk̚²⁴⁻² lip̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lip̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dog⁸ lib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to̍k li̍p
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tok̚⁴⁻² lip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: ⁵doq-liq
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥ʊʔ¹¹ li̯ɪʔ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /duk̚  liɪp̚/

Rime
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (3)	侵 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	徒谷切	力入切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duk̚/	/liɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duk̚/	/lip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/duk̚/	/ljep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwk̚/	/lip̚/
Li Rong	/duk̚/	/liəp̚/
Wang Li	/duk̚/	/lĭĕp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuk̚/	/li̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk6	lap6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok  k.rəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ  rɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ duwk ›	‹ lip ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁok/	/*k.rəp/
English	alone; only	stand (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11818	7869
Phonetic component	蜀	立
Rime group	屋	緝
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	獨	立
Old Chinese	/*doːɡ/	/*rɯb/

Verb

獨立

1. (literally) to stand alone
2. to be independent; to stand on one's own

   他的獨立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, trad.]
   他的独立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā de dúlì shēnghuó de nénglì hěn chà. [Pinyin]

   His ability to live independently is very poor.

3. (of a country, ethnic group, etc.) to be independent

   宣佈獨立／宣布独立  ―  xuānbù dúlì  ―  to declare independence

Synonyms

• 自立 (zìlì)

Antonyms

• 依賴／依赖 (yīlài)

Adjective

獨立

1. (literary) extraordinary; preeminent

Derived terms

• 獨立化／独立化 (dúlìhuà)
• 獨立國／独立国 (dúlìguó)
• 獨立國家聯合體／独立国家联合体 (Dúlì Guójiā Liánhétǐ)

• 獨立性／独立性 (dúlìxìng)
• 獨立王國／独立王国 (dúlì wángguó)
• 獨立自主／独立自主 (dúlìzìzhǔ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (獨立):

• → Japanese: 独立(どくりつ) (dokuritsu)
• → Korean: 독립(獨立) (dongnip)
• → Vietnamese: độc lập (獨立)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
獨	立
どく Hyōgaiji	りつ Grade: 1
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [do̞kɯ̟ᵝɾʲit͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

獨(どく)立(りつ) • (dokuritsu) 

1. Kyūjitai form of 独立 (“independence”)

Korean

Hanja in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立 • (dongnip) (hangeul 독립)

1. Hanja form^? of 독립 (“independence”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立

1. chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independence”).

Adjective

獨立

1. chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independent”).