獨立

See also: 独立

Chinese

		alone; independent; single alone; independent; single; sole; only	set up; to stand
trad. (獨立)		獨	立
simp. (独立)		独	立

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): dúlì

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): du² ni²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дўли (dwli, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): duk⁶ laap⁶ / duk⁶ lap⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k-li̍p

  (Hailu, HRS): tug^ˋ lib^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk-lĭk
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorh⁷ lih⁷
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): to̍k-li̍p

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dog⁸ lib⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸doq-liq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dúlì
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ ㄌㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dúlì
    • Wade–Giles: tu²-li⁴
    • Yale: dú-lì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwulih
    • Palladius: дули (duli)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵ li⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      edit edit 獨力 / 独力 獨立 / 独立

  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: du² ni²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duli
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²¹ ni²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дўли (dwli, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu²⁴ li²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: duk⁶ laap⁶ / duk⁶ lap⁶
    • Yale: duhk laahp / duhk lahp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ laap⁹ / duk⁹ lap⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ lab⁶ / dug⁶ leb⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚² laːp̚²/, /tʊk̚² lɐp̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k-li̍p
    • Hakka Romanization System: tug lib
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tug⁶ lib⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵ lip̚⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: tug^ˋ lib^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰuk² lip²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭk-lĭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuʔ⁵⁻³³ l̃iʔ⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dorh⁷ lih⁷ [Phonetic: dorh⁶ lih⁷]
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: do̤̍h-li̍h
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ liʔ⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dorh⁷ lih⁷ [Phonetic: dorh⁶ lih⁷]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɒʔ⁴⁻² liʔ⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k-li̍p
    • Tâi-lô: to̍k-li̍p
    • Phofsit Daibuun: doglip
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴⁻³² lip̚⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lip̚¹²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /tɔk̚²⁴⁻² lip̚²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dog⁸ lib⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: to̍k li̍p
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tok̚⁴⁻² lip̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸doq-liq
    • MiniDict: doh^入 lih
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵doq-liq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹¹ liɪʔ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: duwk lip

Rime
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	屋 (3)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	徒谷切	力入切
Baxter	duwk	lip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duk̚/	/liɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duk̚/	/lip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/duk̚/	/ljep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwk̚/	/lip̚/
Li Rong	/duk̚/	/liəp̚/
Wang Li	/duk̚/	/lĭĕp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuk̚/	/li̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk6	lap6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok  k.rəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ  rɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ duwk ›	‹ lip ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁok/	/*k.rəp/
English	alone; only	stand (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	獨	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11818	7869
Phonetic component	蜀	立
Rime group	屋	緝
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	獨	立
Old Chinese	/*doːɡ/	/*rɯb/

Verb

獨立

1. to be independent; to stand on one's own

   他的獨立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, trad.]
   他的独立生活的能力很差。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā de dúlì shēnghuó de nénglì hěn chà. [Pinyin]

   His ability to live independently is very poor.

2. (of a country, ethnic group, etc.) to be independent

   宣佈獨立／宣布独立  ―  xuānbù dúlì  ―  to declare independence

3. (literal) to stand alone

   • 嘗獨立，鯉趨而過庭，曰：“學《詩》乎？” [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     尝独立，鲤趋而过庭，曰：“学《诗》乎？” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Cháng dúlì, Lǐ qū ér guò tíng, yuē: “Xué “shī” hū?” [Pinyin]

     He was standing alone once, when I passed below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, ‘Have you learned the Odes?’

   • 獨立俯閒階，
     風動鞦韆索。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     独立俯闲阶，
     风动秋千索。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Wo (842–923),《效崔國輔體》, translation based on Xu Yuanchong's work

     Dúlì fǔ xián jiē,
     Fēng dòng qiūqiān suǒ. [Pinyin]

     Alone on vacant steps I fix my sight
     The ropes of the swing sway in the breeze.

   • 獨立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲頭。 [Ci, trad.]
     独立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲头。 [Ci, simp.]

     From: 1925, 毛澤東,《沁園春·長沙》, translation based on the Foreign Languages Press version

     Dúlì hán qiū, Xiāngjiāng běi qù, Júzǐ Zhōu tóu. [Pinyin]

     Alone I stand in the autumn chill
     On the tip of the Orange Isle,
     Watching the Xiang River flowing northward.

Synonyms

• 自立 (zìlì)

Antonyms

• 依賴／依赖 (yīlài)

Adjective

獨立

1. (literary) extraordinary; preeminent
2. independent; separate

   "會意字"是指由兩個或多個獨立的字，合併在一起表達字的意思。 [MSC, trad.]
   "会意字"是指由两个或多个独立的字，合并在一起表达字的意思。 [MSC, simp.]

   "huìyìzì" shì zhǐ yóu liǎng ge huò duō ge dúlì de zì, hébìng zài yīqǐ biǎodá zì de yìsī. [Pinyin]

   "Compound ideograph" characters refer to characters which are formed from two or more separate characters, combined together to express the meaning of a word.

Derived terms

• 獨立化 / 独立化 (dúlìhuà)
• 獨立國 / 独立国 (dúlìguó)
• 獨立國家聯合體 / 独立国家联合体 (Dúlì Guójiā Liánhétǐ)
• 獨立性 / 独立性 (dúlìxìng)
• 獨立日 / 独立日 (dúlìrì)
• 獨立王國 / 独立王国 (dúlì wángguó)
• 獨立自主 / 独立自主 (dúlìzìzhǔ)
• 美國獨立戰爭 / 美国独立战争 (Měiguó Dúlì Zhànzhēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (獨立):

• → Japanese: 独立(どくりつ) (dokuritsu)
• → Korean: 독립(獨立) (dongnip)
• → Vietnamese: độc lập (獨立)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
獨	立
どく Hyōgai	りつ Grade: 1
on'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 獨立 – see the following entry.

【独立どくりつ】 [noun] independence [noun] separation; status that one stands [noun] independent authority that is free from interference [verb] be independent [verb] be separate, be detached [verb] be independent; have the authority to act without interference

(This term, 獨立, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立 • (dongnip) (hangeul 독립)

1. hanja form^? of 독립 (“independence”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
獨	立

Noun

獨立

1. chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independence”)

Adjective

獨立

1. chữ Hán form of độc lập (“independent”)