-io

See also: Appendix:Variations of "io"

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin -ia in country names.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈio]
• Rhymes: -io
• Hyphenation: i‧o

Suffix

-io

1. a country named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river

   ‎japano (“a Japanese person”) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio (“Japan”)

   ‎Kolumbo (“Columbus”) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio (“Colombia”)

   ‎Romo (“Rome”) + ‎-io → ‎Romio (“the Roman Empire”)

   ‎Niĝero (“the Niger River”) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio (“Nigeria”)

   ‎Esperanto (“the Esperanto language”) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio (“a notional Esperanto-speaking land”)

2. a science named after its practitioner

   ‎astronomo (“astronomer”) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio (“astronomy”)

   ‎biologo (“biologist”) + ‎-io → ‎biologio (“biology”)

   ‎kirurgo (“surgeon”) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio (“surgery (branch of medicine)”)

Synonyms

• (country): -ujo for countries named after their inhabitants: Anglujo (“England”)
• (country): lando is also sometimes used for countries named after inhabitants: Svedlando = Svedio (“Sweden”)
• (science): scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences: vulkanoscienco = vulkanologio (“volcanology”)

Derived terms

Esperanto terms suffixed with -io

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Finnish

Etymology

From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with -o from verb stems ending in -i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal -i(j)o, from -ja-i (for labial ai > o, compare plural forms of kala-type nouns), from -ja + -i.

Suffix

-io (front vowel harmony variant -iö, linguistic notation -iO)

1. Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.

   ‎itää (“to sprout”) + ‎-io → ‎itiö (“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)

   ‎valita (“to choose”) + ‎-io → ‎valio (“elite, select”)

2. Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.

   ‎yksi (“one”) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö (“a one-room apartment”)

   ‎kolme (“three”) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio (“a triangle; a yield sign”)

   ‎neljä (“four”) + ‎-io → ‎neliö (“a square”); shorter form for a square meter

Declension

Inflection of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)
nominative		-io	-iot
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-io	-iot
accusative	nom.	-io	-iot
	gen.	-ion
genitive		-ion	-ioiden -ioitten
partitive		-iota	-ioita
inessive		-iossa	-ioissa
elative		-iosta	-ioista
illative		-ioon	-ioihin
adessive		-iolla	-ioilla
ablative		-iolta	-ioilta
allative		-iolle	-ioille
essive		-iona	-ioina
translative		-ioksi	-ioiksi
abessive		-iotta	-ioitta
instructive		—	-ioin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -io (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ioni -ioni accusative nom. -ioni -ioni gen. -ioni genitive -ioni -ioideni -ioitteni partitive -iotani -ioitani inessive -iossani -ioissani elative -iostani -ioistani illative -iooni -ioihini adessive -iollani -ioillani ablative -ioltani -ioiltani allative -iolleni -ioilleni essive -ionani -ioinani translative -iokseni -ioikseni abessive -iottani -ioittani instructive — — comitative — -ioineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iosi -iosi accusative nom. -iosi -iosi gen. -iosi genitive -iosi -ioidesi -ioittesi partitive -iotasi -ioitasi inessive -iossasi -ioissasi elative -iostasi -ioistasi illative -ioosi -ioihisi adessive -iollasi -ioillasi ablative -ioltasi -ioiltasi allative -iollesi -ioillesi essive -ionasi -ioinasi translative -ioksesi -ioiksesi abessive -iottasi -ioittasi instructive — — comitative — -ioinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -iomme -iomme accusative nom. -iomme -iomme gen. -iomme genitive -iomme -ioidemme -ioittemme partitive -iotamme -ioitamme inessive -iossamme -ioissamme elative -iostamme -ioistamme illative -ioomme -ioihimme adessive -iollamme -ioillamme ablative -ioltamme -ioiltamme allative -iollemme -ioillemme essive -ionamme -ioinamme translative -ioksemme -ioiksemme abessive -iottamme -ioittamme instructive — — comitative — -ioinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -ionne -ionne accusative nom. -ionne -ionne gen. -ionne genitive -ionne -ioidenne -ioittenne partitive -iotanne -ioitanne inessive -iossanne -ioissanne elative -iostanne -ioistanne illative -ioonne -ioihinne adessive -iollanne -ioillanne ablative -ioltanne -ioiltanne allative -iollenne -ioillenne essive -ionanne -ioinanne translative -ioksenne -ioiksenne abessive -iottanne -ioittanne instructive — — comitative — -ioinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -ionsa -ionsa accusative nom. -ionsa -ionsa gen. -ionsa genitive -ionsa -ioidensa -ioittensa partitive -iotaan -iotansa -ioitaan -ioitansa inessive -iossaan -iossansa -ioissaan -ioissansa elative -iostaan -iostansa -ioistaan -ioistansa illative -ioonsa -ioihinsa adessive -iollaan -iollansa -ioillaan -ioillansa ablative -ioltaan -ioltansa -ioiltaan -ioiltansa allative -iolleen -iollensa -ioilleen -ioillensa essive -ionaan -ionansa -ioinaan -ioinansa translative -iokseen -ioksensa -ioikseen -ioiksensa abessive -iottaan -iottansa -ioittaan -ioittansa instructive — — comitative — -ioineen -ioinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -io

Anagrams

• oi

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Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ia, French -ie, Italian -ia, Russian -ия (-ija), Spanish -ia, ultimately from Latin -ia, from Ancient Greek -ία (-ía).

Suffix

-io

1. suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person

   ‎duko (“duke; duchess”) + ‎-io → ‎dukio (“duchy”)

   ‎episkopo (“bishop”) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio (“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

   ‎paroko (“parish priest, rector”) + ‎-io → ‎parokio (“parish”)

   ‎rejo (“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + ‎-io → ‎rejio (“kingdom”)

Usage notes

A common but false misconception is that countries that end with -ia in Ido, for example Albania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though, -io at times can help shape country names to fit; Mexikia uses the extra i so not to be confused with Mexiko (“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.

Derived terms

Ido terms suffixed with -io

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Italian

Pronunciation 1

• IPA^(key): /ˈio̯/
• Hyphenation: -ì‧o

Etymology 1

Unknown. Perhaps from Latin -ērium.

Suffix

-io m (plural -ii)

1. Used with verb roots to derive nouns with durative, intensive or frequentative connotation; -le

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io

Italian terms suffixed with -io (frequentative)

Etymology 2

From Latin -īvus.

Suffix

-io m (plural -ii)

1. Alternative form of -ivo

Pronunciation 2

• IPA^(key): /jo/, [jo]

Etymology 1

From Latin -ius.

Suffix

-io m

1. Added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”; -y

Etymology 2

From Latin -ium.

Suffix

-io m

1. Forms the name of chemical elements; -ium

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -io (chemical element)

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Latin

Etymology 1

Suffix -ō on i-stems.

Suffix

-iō f (genitive -iōnis); third declension

2. Used to form abstract nouns from verbs.

Usage notes

The suffix -iō is added to a verb to create a third-declension feminine abstract noun.

Examples:

legiō, from legō

regiō, from regō

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-iō	-iōnēs
Genitive	-iōnis	-iōnum
Dative	-iōnī	-iōnibus
Accusative	-iōnem	-iōnēs
Ablative	-iōne	-iōnibus
Vocative	-iō	-iōnēs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (abstract noun)

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-yeti.

Suffix

-iō (present infinitive -iāre, perfect active -iāvī, supine -iātum); first conjugation

2. Used to form causative verbs from adjectives.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -iō (first conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iō	-iās	-iat	-iāmus	-iātis	-iant
	imperfect	-iābam	-iābās	-iābat	-iābāmus	-iābātis	-iābant
	future	-iābō	-iābis	-iābit	-iābimus	-iābitis	-iābunt
	perfect	-iāvī	-iāvistī	-iāvit	-iāvimus	-iāvistis	-iāvērunt, -iāvēre
	pluperfect	-iāveram	-iāverās	-iāverat	-iāverāmus	-iāverātis	-iāverant
	future perfect	-iāverō	-iāveris	-iāverit	-iāverimus	-iāveritis	-iāverint
	sigmatic future1	-iāssō	-iāssis	-iāssit	-iāssimus	-iāssitis	-iāssint
passive	present	-ior	-iāris, -iāre	-iātur	-iāmur	-iāminī	-iantur
	imperfect	-iābar	-iābāris, -iābāre	-iābātur	-iābāmur	-iābāminī	-iābantur
	future	-iābor	-iāberis, -iābere	-iābitur	-iābimur	-iābiminī	-iābuntur
	perfect	-iātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-iātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-iāssor	-iāsseris	-iāssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-iem	-iēs	-iet	-iēmus	-iētis	-ient
	imperfect	-iārem	-iārēs	-iāret	-iārēmus	-iārētis	-iārent
	perfect	-iāverim	-iāverīs	-iāverit	-iāverīmus	-iāverītis	-iāverint
	pluperfect	-iāvissem	-iāvissēs	-iāvisset	-iāvissēmus	-iāvissētis	-iāvissent
	sigmatic aorist1	-iāssim	-iāssīs	-iāssīt	-iāssīmus	-iāssītis	-iāssint
passive	present	-ier	-iēris, -iēre	-iētur	-iēmur	-iēminī	-ientur
	imperfect	-iārer	-iārēris, -iārēre	-iārētur	-iārēmur	-iārēminī	-iārentur
	perfect	-iātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-iātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-iā	—	—	-iāte	—
	future	—	-iātō	-iātō	—	-iātōte	-iantō
passive	present	—	-iāre	—	—	-iāminī	—
	future	—	-iātor	-iātor	—	—	-iantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-iāre	-iāvisse	-iātūrum esse	-iārī, -iārier2	-iātum esse	-iātum īrī
participles		-iāns	—	-iātūrus	—	-iātus	-iandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-iandī	-iandō	-iandum	-iandō	-iātum	-iātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -io (causative)

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Old Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ium, from the adjectival suffix -ius.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈ-i.o]

Suffix

-io

1.  (added to nouns) A suffix forming abstract nouns.

   ‎sennor (“lord, master”) + ‎-io → ‎sennorio (“dominion, jurisdiction”)

Derived terms

Old Spanish terms suffixed with -io

Descendants

• Spanish: -ío

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Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from New Latin -ium, from Latin -um, based on Latin terms for metals, such as ferrum (“iron”).

Suffix

-io m

1. -ium

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -io

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Welsh

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/

Suffix

-io

1. Suffix used to form verbal nouns.

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -io