Appendix:English pronunciation: difference between revisions

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Added pronunciation file to ɔ
→‎Vowels: AuE and NZE father, day, arm, my, boy, run are basically identical; it is confusing to have different symbols for the same sounds, and misleading since the differences between the dialects are only in the other vowels
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! [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] RP !! [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] GenAm !! [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|30px]] CanE !! [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|30px]] AuE !! [[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|30px]] NZE
! [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|30px]] RP !! [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|30px]] GenAm !! [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|30px]] CanE !! [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|30px]] AuE !! [[Image:Flag of New Zealand.svg|30px]] NZE
|-
|-
! ɑː !! ɑ !! ɒ !! !! ɐː
! ɑː !! ɑ !! ɒ !! colspan="2" |
! {{enPRchar|ä}}
! {{enPRchar|ä}}
| f'''a'''ther, p'''a'''lm
| f'''a'''ther, p'''a'''lm
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| [[carry|c'''arr'''y]]
| [[carry|c'''arr'''y]]
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | eɪ !! æɪ !! æe
! colspan="3" | eɪ !! colspan="2" | æe
! {{enPRchar|ā}}
! {{enPRchar|ā}}
| d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n
| d'''ay''', p'''ai'''n
|-
|-
! ɑː !! colspan="2" | ɑɹ !! !! ɐː
! ɑː !! colspan="2" | ɑɹ !! colspan="2" |
! {{enPRchar|är}}
! {{enPRchar|är}}
| '''ar'''m, [[bard|b'''ar'''d]]
| '''ar'''m, [[bard|b'''ar'''d]]
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| n'''ear''', h'''ere''', [[Sirius|S'''ir'''ius]]
| n'''ear''', h'''ere''', [[Sirius|S'''ir'''ius]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | aɪ !! aɪ (ʌɪ) !! ɑe !! ɑe
! colspan="2" | aɪ !! aɪ (ʌɪ) !! colspan="2" | ɑe
! {{enPRchar|ī}}
! {{enPRchar|ī}}
| [[my|m'''y''']], [[rice|r'''i'''ce]]
| [[my|m'''y''']], [[rice|r'''i'''ce]]
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| [[horse|h'''or'''se]]
| [[horse|h'''or'''se]]
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | ɔɪ !! !! oe
! colspan="3" | ɔɪ !! colspan="2" | oe
! {{enPRchar|oi}}
! {{enPRchar|oi}}
| [[boy|b'''oy''']], [[noise|n'''oi'''se]]
| [[boy|b'''oy''']], [[noise|n'''oi'''se]]
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| [[house|h'''ou'''se]], [[now|n'''ow''']]
| [[house|h'''ou'''se]], [[now|n'''ow''']]
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | {{IPAchar2|Open-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg|ʌ}} !! a !! ɐ
! colspan="3" | {{IPAchar2|Open-mid back unrounded vowel.ogg|ʌ}} !! colspan="2" | a
! {{enPRchar|ŭ}}
! {{enPRchar|ŭ}}
| [[run|r'''u'''n]], [[enough|en'''ou'''gh]], [[up|'''u'''p]]
| [[run|r'''u'''n]], [[enough|en'''ou'''gh]], [[up|'''u'''p]]

Revision as of 23:00, 10 May 2016

English

The following tables show the IPA and enPR/AHD symbols which are used to represent the various sounds of the English language. The sounds of Received Pronunciation (RP, UK), General American pronunciation (GenAm, US), Canadian English (CanE), Australian English (AuE) and New Zealand English (NZE) are shown.

For vowels in other dialects, see Wikipedia's IPA chart for English.

An image of an old version of these tables is available.

Vowels

This vowel table lists both monophthongs and diphthongs.

IPA enPR / AHD examples
RP GenAm CanE AuE NZE
ɑː ɑ ɒ ä father, palm
æ ɛ ă bad, cat, ran[1][2]
æɹ ɛɹ ăr carry
æe ā day, pain
ɑː ɑɹ är arm, bard
ɛə / ɛː(ɹ) ɛɹ âr hair, there[3]
ɛ e ĕ bed[4]
ɛɹ ĕr merry
i ē ease, see
ɪ ɘ ĭ sit, city, bit
ɪ i city, very, ready
ɪ̈ , ɨ roses
ɪə ɪɹ ɪə ĭr, îr near, here, Sirius
aɪ (ʌɪ) ɑe ī my, rice
ɒ ɑ ɒ ɔ ɒ ŏ not, wasp
əʊ əʉ ɐʉ ō no, go, hope
ɔə oɹ, ɔɹ ɔɹ ōr hoarse
ɔː ɔ ɒ ô law, caught
ɔː ɔɹ ôr horse
ɔɪ oe oi boy, noise
ʊ o͝o, ŏŏ put, foot
ʊə ʊɹ ʊə ʉə o͝or, ŏŏr poor, tour, tourism
u ʉː o͞o, ōō lose, soon, through
aʊ (ʌʊ) æo ou house, now
ʌ a ŭ run, enough, up
ɜː ɝ, əɹ ɝː ɜː ɵː ûr fur, bird[5]
ə ɘ ə about
ə ɚ ə ɘ ər winner, enter[6]
  1. ^ Sometimes transcribed (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ See bad–lad split for more discussion of this vowel in Australian English.
  3. ^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries include (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /eə/.
  4. ^ Sometimes transcribed (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /e/ for RP, for example in the Collins English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Alternatives include (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /əː/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press, and (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /ər/, for example in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  6. ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ] or (for transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations) as [ə(ɹ)].

Consonants

IPA enPR / AHD examples
b b but, web, rubble
ch chat, teach, nature
d d dot, idea, nod
f f fan, left, enough, photo
ɡ g get, bag
h h ham
ʍ (hw)[1] hw which
j joy, agile, age
k k cat, tack
x ᴋʜ loch (in Scottish English)
l l left
l̩ (əl)[2] l little
m m man, animal, him
m̩ (əm)[2] m spasm, prism
n n note, ant, pan
n̩ (ən)[2] n hidden
ŋ ng singer, ring
p p pen, spin, top, apple
ɹ[3] r run, very
s s set, list, ice
ʃ sh ash, sure, ration
t t ton, butt
θ th thin, nothing, moth
ð th this, father, clothe
v v voice, navel
w w wet
j y yes
z z zoo, quiz, rose
ʒ zh vision, treasure
  1. ^ Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.
  3. ^ Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is not a trill.

Other symbols

A stress mark is placed before the syllable that is stressed in IPA and after it in enPR / AHD.

IPA enPR
(AHD)
indicates
ˈ (ˈa) ʹ (aʹ) primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/
ˌ (ˌa) ' (a') secondary stress (or sometimes tertiary stress) before the primary stress, tertiary stress after the primary stress as in battlefield /ˈbætəlˌfiːld/
a.a a-a division between syllables
 ̩ syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]
ʔ glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨]

Note: The EnPR and print AHD marks are formatted slightly differently. Online, AHD writes both ', though they do not always represent the same phoneme.

See also

References

  • Gimson, A. C. (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English, 3rd edn. edition, London: Edward Arnold, →ISBN
  • Kenyon, John Samuel (1950) American Pronunciation, 10th edn. edition, Ann Arbor: George Wahr
  • Kenyon, John S.; Thomas A. Knott (1944/1953) A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, →ISBN
  • Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 2nd edn. edition, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, →ISBN

External links