The following Khoisan word lists are from Starostin (2013). The proto-languages are Starostin's own reconstructions.
Pronouns and numerals[edit]
| family
|
language
|
I
|
thou
|
we
|
what
|
who
|
not
|
one
|
two
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*m(i) ₁
|
*a ₁
|
E:*e₁; I:*m₂
|
*ha; *m
|
*ha; *m
|
*ǀoa ₁
|
*ǀ̃eʔe ₁
|
*сa ~ *cã
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
ma ₁
|
u
|
n-!a
|
ɕini
|
—
|
ǀʰõʔõ ₁
|
ʘ̃ũ ₁
|
ʘoa
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*ŋ ₁
|
*a ₁
|
E:*si₃; I:*i₁
|
*TI ₁; *ǀV ₂
|
*TI
|
*ǁV- ₂
|
*ǂ₁ˀu- ₂
|
*!(u)ʔu
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ŋ ₁
|
*a ₁
|
E:*si₃; I:*i₁
|
*ǀV ₂
|
*ǀV
|
*ǁqʰV- ₂
|
*ǂ₁ˀu- ₂
|
*ǂ̃um
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*ta ~ *de ₂
|
*=c / *=s ₁
|
*=e ₁; *=m₂
|
*ta- ₁
|
*ta- ₁
|
*tama ₃
|
*ǀui ₃
|
*ǀam ₁
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*ta ~ *de ₂
|
*c=a / *s=a ₁
|
*=e ₁; *=m ₂
|
*ndu
|
*ma
|
*tama ₃; *be
|
*ǀúí ₃
|
*ǀám̀ ₁
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
ta ₂
|
s=a ₁
|
(h)ina₄; =mu₂
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
ǀui ₃
|
ǀa ~ ǀã ₁
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
ɕi ₂
|
ha=pu
|
s̚uŋ ₄
|
ho-ɕo
|
ho
|
-cˀe
|
cˀexe
|
ki(-)so
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
o=no
|
te
|
u-
|
ʔakwaʒa
|
ta- ₁; ʔaku
|
ʔakw-
|
ʔičáme
|
piye
|
Animals and plants[edit]
| family
|
language
|
bird
|
dog
|
louse
|
tree
|
leaf
|
meat
|
egg
|
horn
|
tail
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*cˀa(-)ma ₁
|
*ǂ̰ʰoe ₁
|
*cˀ(i)ŋ ₁
|
*!̰hȁŋi
|
*!̰oa
|
*‼ʰa
|
*!̃u
|
*!ʰu ₁
|
*‼xōē
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
ǂi; [cʰa̰ːma] ₁
|
ɕeama
|
cˀi ₁
|
ǀˀõ
|
ʓo̰ba
|
ǁa̰e
|
[kʰõʔẽ]
|
!ʰo ₁
|
ʘxui
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*ǀqʰu- ₂
|
*ǂUiŋ ₁
|
*ʘ̃ṵ- ₂
|
*ʘ̃ɔ- ₁
|
—
|
*ʘa- ₁
|
*ǂ(a)u- ₁
|
*ǁ(q)ʰõ- ₂
|
*!ʰ(a)i
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ǀ(ʰ)u- ₂
|
*ǂqʰa- ₁
|
*ʘ̃ṵ- ₂
|
*ʔʘnɔ- ₁
|
*ǀ̰ana ₁
|
*ʘa- ₁
|
*ǂu- ₁
|
*ǁã- ₂
|
*ǀã-
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*kxani
|
*aɾi ₂
|
*kxuɾi ₃
|
*hai ₂
|
*ǂae
|
*kxo ₂
|
*!ˀubu
|
*ǁ̃ã ₃
|
*sao ₁
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*ʒaɾa
|
*aɾi- ₂; *aba
|
*kxuni ₃
|
*yi ₂
|
*ǀ̰àná ₁
|
*kxo ₂
|
*ǂˀúbí
|
*ǁ̃â ₃
|
*cáó ₁
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
—
|
ʔau-
|
—
|
čʰí-
|
—
|
kxóle ₂
|
ʔi-
|
—
|
θo- ₁
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
tʰui ₃
|
kákà
|
mãǀˀã
|
tʰé
|
ǀá ₁
|
ǀ̃ĩ
|
dḭʔa
|
ƛáná ₃
|
cˀoa ₁
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
tʰítʰí ₃
|
ǁáʔano
|
ǀˀámácˀì
|
cˀiti
|
hacˀape
|
mana
|
uɬe
|
loʔo
|
cˀahó ₁
|
Body parts (upper)[edit]
| family
|
language
|
head
|
hair
|
eye
|
ear
|
nose
|
tooth
|
tongue
|
mouth
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*ʔǀ̃ē ₁
|
*!kxúí
|
*ǀ̰aʔa ₁
|
*ǀˀʰúí ₁
|
*ckx(u)ŋ
|
*cˀau ₁
|
*(n)dʰari
|
*cˀí ₁
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
ʔʘnũ ₁
|
ǂ̃u
|
ʘoa ₁
|
ǀqʰoe ₁
|
!qˀõ
|
ciu ₁
|
cela
|
šĩ ₁
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*ǀ̃a- ₁
|
*ǀ̰ʰu- ₁
|
*cˀax(a)u ₂
|
*ǂ̃u- ₂
|
*ǀ̃u- ₁
|
*ǁʰãĩ ₂
|
*ǀˀan(i) ₁
|
*tu
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ǀ̃a- ₁
|
*ǀ̰qʰu- ₁
|
*!ˀũ-
|
*ǂ̃u- ₂
|
*ǀ̃u- ₁
|
*ǁ(q)ʰan ₂
|
*ʔǀna̰n(i) ₁
|
*ǂue
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*dana
|
*ǀˀũ ₂
|
*mũ
|
*ǂae ₃
|
*ǂui ₂
|
*ǁũ ₃
|
*lam ₂
|
*kxam ₂
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*ǂú; *mâ
|
*ǀˀũ̂ ₂
|
*ǂxéí
|
*ǂé ₃
|
*ǂúì ₂
|
*ǁṹ ₃
|
*dàḿ ₂
|
*kxáḿ ₂
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
cʰẽ ₂
|
ǀoʔm ₂
|
ši- ₂
|
go̰-
|
čwi-
|
ɬo-
|
tamen- ₂
|
kxami- ₂
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
ɕé ₂
|
cˀê
|
ǀóé ₁
|
kéké
|
ǀ̃atʰi
|
!ˀakʰa(ŋ)
|
!ʰe(ŋ)
|
!̃ũ
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
ƛˀóma
|
haƛˀe
|
ʔakʰwa
|
hačˀapičˀi
|
ʔintʰawe
|
ʔáhà
|
ǀ̃átʰâ ₁
|
ʔawanika
|
Body parts (other)[edit]
| family
|
language
|
hand
|
claw (nail)
|
foot
|
heart
|
blood
|
bone
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*‼̰au
|
*‼uʔuru ₁
|
*ǀkxáí
|
*!kxa ₁
|
*ǀˀ(a)ŋ ₁
|
*!ˀú ₁
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
šiu ₂
|
!o̰ʔo ₁
|
!̰aʔu
|
!qˀõ ₁
|
ǀqˀi ₁
|
ɕa̰ː
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*ǀkxa ₃
|
*ǁqUro ₂
|
*ǂ̃₁oa ₁
|
*ǀ(q)ˀa-i ₂
|
*ǁxau
|
*ǂ₁a ₂
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ǀkxa ₃
|
*ǁ̰aʔm
|
*ǂ̃u ₁
|
*ǀqˀa- ~ *ǀqˀi- ₂
|
*!̃a̰
|
*ǂa ₂
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*!ˀom
|
*ǁoɾo ₂
|
*ǂˀai
|
*ǂao ₃
|
*ǀˀao ₂
|
*ǂxo
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*cʰàú ₂
|
*ǁoɾo ₂
|
*!̃ʰaɾe
|
*ǂáó ₃
|
*ǀˀáò ₂
|
*ǀˀṍã́
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
—
|
—
|
ze-
|
cˀo-
|
ǀˀo- ₂
|
ǂˀã- ₂
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
ƛˀũ
|
cˀwáʔá
|
ǁʰàtá
|
ʒigida
|
ǁˀekˀa
|
!ì ₁
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
ʔukʰwa
|
baɬu
|
ʔapukwa
|
ʔasači
|
átʰaʔmá
|
miƛˀa
|
| family
|
language
|
drink
|
eat
|
hear
|
die
|
kill
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*čʰiN ₁
|
*ʔḿ ₁
|
*saʔa ₁
|
*‼é
|
*!ʰũ ₁
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
ču ₁
|
ʔam ₁
|
caː ₁
|
šĩ
|
!ʰõ ₁
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*kxa ₂
|
*ʔã ₁
|
*tu ₂
|
*ǀˀa ₁
|
*ǀʰa- ₂
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*kxa ₂
|
*ʔã ₁
|
*ta̰ ₂
|
*ǀˀa ₁
|
*qa-
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*kxa ₂
|
*ǂˀũ ₂
|
*ǁ̃ãũ ₃
|
*ǁˀo ₂
|
*!am
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*kxâ ₂
|
*ǂˀũ ₂
|
*kúḿ ₄
|
*ǁˀó ₂
|
*ǀkxũ ₂
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
kxa ₂
|
ʔɲũ-
|
kum ₄
|
kade-ʔo
|
—
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
cˀé
|
manɕʰa
|
kʰéʔé
|
ƛá-
|
kˀoe
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
fá
|
séme
|
ǁ̃aʔe ₃
|
misi; taǁˀi
|
ǁó
|
| family
|
language
|
sun
|
moon
|
star
|
water
|
rain
|
stone
|
smoke
|
fire
|
ashes
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*ǀáḿ, *gao
|
*‼̃úí
|
*ǂũ̏ ₁
|
*‼̰u
|
*‼̰à
|
*!̃ùm̀
|
*šorV
|
*daʔa
|
*to̰ ₁; *ǁoa
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
čʰaː
|
ǂ̰ibi
|
ǂõ ₁
|
žo ₁
|
čõʔãː
|
ǁʰo̰a
|
ʓṵe
|
ʘ̰oa
|
ǂ̃ʰoe
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*ǁ(qˀ)uni ₁
|
*ǂoro; *!oi
|
*ǁ(kx)o̰- ₂
|
*!qʰa ₂
|
*ǂq(ʰ)au
|
*!ao
|
*ǁo̰-
|
*ǀˀi ₁
|
*!qui ₂
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ǁˀan ₁
|
*!qʰan
|
*ǁo(-)na ₂
|
*!qʰa ₂
|
*!kxoe
|
*ǀ̃u(-le)
|
*ckxa- ₁; *ǁ̃alu
|
*ǀˀã ₁
|
*!qui ₂; [*ǂoa]
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*soɾe
|
*ǁxã
|
*ǀami-ɾo
|
*ǁam
|
*tu ₁
|
*ǀˀui
|
*ǀkxan-i ₁
|
*ǀˀae ₁
|
*tʰao ₁
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*ǀáḿ
|
*ǁ̃óé
|
*ǀxánì
|
*cʰǎ ₁
|
*tú ₁
|
*ǁ̃óá
|
*cˀan-i ₁
|
*ǀˀe ₁
|
*ǂ̰óà
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
ʔui-
|
kʰã-
|
ǀxo-
|
kxoʔ-
|
fete
|
ʒo-
|
—
|
ǂẽ
|
—
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
ǁˀakasu ₁
|
!a-biso
|
ǀ̃owã
|
cˀa ₁
|
ƛˀoa
|
di(ŋ)
|
cˀukˀa ₂
|
ǁˀĩ
|
!ˀúpʰá
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
ʔišo
|
sétʰa
|
ncʰa
|
ʔatʰi
|
ʔatʰi
|
ha(n)!ˀa
|
cˀikˀo ₂
|
cˀokˀo
|
hocˀo
|
Adjectives and others[edit]
| family
|
language
|
black
|
night
|
new
|
dry
|
name
|
| Kxʼa
|
p-N Khoisan
|
*žō ₁
|
*ǀú
|
*ze ₁
|
*‼kxau
|
*!ú ₁
|
| Kxʼa
|
ǂHoan
|
ǂkxau
|
cʰao
|
zaː ₁
|
ǀqˀau
|
!o ₁
|
| Tuu
|
p-!Kwi
|
*!ʰoe
|
*ǁ̰a-
|
*ǁue ₂
|
*ǁo- ₁
|
*ǀẽ- ₂
|
| Tuu
|
p-Taa
|
*ǂa-
|
*ǀ̃ṵ-
|
*ǁqṵe ₂
|
*ǁṵ- ₁
|
*ǀã- ₂
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Khoikhoi
|
*ǂ̃u ₂
|
*tʰu ₁
|
*ǀˀa-sa
|
*ǀˀo ₂
|
*ǀkxon ₃
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
p-Kalahari Khoi
|
*ǂ̃ú ₂
|
*tʰǔ ₁
|
*kxóà
|
*ǀˀo ₂
|
*ǀkxóǹ ₃
|
| Khoe-Kwadi
|
Kwadi
|
ʒu ₁
|
tʰwiː ₁
|
—
|
—
|
—
|
| Sandawe
|
Sandawe
|
kˀaŋkˀara
|
tue ₁
|
ǁae ₁
|
ǀ̃iŋ-
|
ǁoa
|
| Hadza
|
Hadza
|
tičˀi
|
cˀifi
|
ʒana
|
ǁˀape
|
ʔakana
|
Names of each language or proto-language in Russian and English:
| Russian name |
English name
|
| Сев.-кой. |
*N Khoisan
|
| ǂХоан |
ǂHoan
|
| !Кви |
!Kwi
|
| Таа |
Taa
|
| Кхойкхой |
*Khoikhoi
|
| Калахари-кхой |
*Kalahari Khoi
|
| Квади |
Kwadi
|
| Сандаве |
Sandawe
|
| Хадза |
Hadza
|
References[edit]
