Appendix:Proto-Yoruboid reconstructions
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The following lists of Proto-Yoruboid reconstructions are from Pozdniakov (2018); Aubry, Friedman & Pozdniakov (2004); and Akinkugbe (1978).
Pozdniakov (2018)[edit]
The following are Proto-Yoruba-Igala from Pozdniakov (2018):
| English gloss | Proto-Yoruba-Igala | Yoruba | Igala |
|---|---|---|---|
| animal, meat | *ɛ́lɔ̃ | ərɔ̃ | ɛ́la |
| toad | *àkèlé | àkèré | àkèlé |
| four | *ɛ̀lı̃ | ɛ̀rı̃ | ɛ̀lɛ̀ |
| five | *ɛ̀lṵ́ | àrṵ́ | ɛ̀lu |
| ant | *èlìlà | èèrà | èlìlà |
| ashes | *élílú | eérú | élúlú |
| feel | *gbɔ́ òlílṵ̀ | gbɔ́ òórṵ̀ | é-gbúlù |
| star | *ìlàwɔ̀ | ìràwɔ̀ | ìlàwò |
| small | *kékélé | kékeré | kékélé |
| buy | *là | rà | é-là |
| see | *lí | rí | é-lí |
| plow | *lo | roko | é-lo |
| body | *ɔ́la | ara | ɔ́la |
| word | *ɔ̀là | ɔ̀rɔ̀ | ɔ̀là |
| sun | *ólìlṵ̀ | òòrṵ̀ | ólù |
| sleep | *oólũ | oorũ | ólu |
| neck | *ɔ́lṵ̀ | ɔrṵ̀ | ɔ́lɔ̀ |
| thirst | *òlṵ̀gbə | òrṵ̀gbə | òlùgbə |
| ring | *ɔ́lṵ̀-ìka | òrùka | èlìka |
| run | *sVlé | sáré | é-rúlé |
| fat | *ùla | ɔ̀rá | ùlà |
| seed | *úlú | irú | úlú |
| leg | *ɛ́ʃɛ̀ | əsɛ̀ | ɛ́rɛ̀ |
| fruit | *èʃo | èso | ɛ̀ro |
| block/close | *ʃé | sé | é-ré |
| launch | *ʃɔ | sɔ | é-rɔ |
| nine | *ɛ̀sɔ̰́ | ɛ̀sɔ̰́ | ɛ̀lá |
| sleep | *sṵ̀ | sṵ̀ | é-lu- |
| dog | *abyá | ajá | abyá |
| blood | *ɛ̀byɛ̀ | ɛ̀jɛ̀ | ɛ̀byɛ̀ |
| seven | *ebye | èje | ebye |
| ten | *ɛ̀gwá | ɛ̀wá | ɛ̀gwá |
| beans | *ɛ̀gwà | ɛ̀wà | ɛ̀gwà |
| dig | *gwà | wà | é-gwà |
| swim | *gwà | wɛ̀ | é-gwà |
| sweat | *(ò)úgwṵ̀ | òógṵ̀ | úgwù |
| bone | *égwṵ́gwṵ́ | egũgũ | ógwúgwú |
| ascend | *gwṵ̀ | gṵ̀ | é-tə-gwù |
| war | *ógwũ | ogũ | ógwu |
| twenty | *ōgwṵ́ | ōgṵ́ | ó-ɡwú |
| vulture | *úgwṵ́nú | igṵ́nugṵ́ | úgwúnú |
Aubry, Friedman & Pozdniakov (2004)[edit]
The following Swadesh list of Proto-Yoruba-Igala reconstructions is from N. Aubry, H. Friedman & K. Pozdniakov (2004).
List 1[edit]
| No. | English gloss | French gloss | Proto-Yoruba-Igala | Standard Nigerian Yoruba | Igala | Èdè Ifè |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | all | tout | – | gbogbo | cákáá | kpó |
| 2 | ashes | cendres | *élúlú | |||
| 3 | bark | écorce | ? | èèkpo | ékpá | |
| 4 | belly | ventre | – | inṵ́ | éfù | |
| 5 | big | gros | – | tóbi | óyá | lákũ |
| 6 | bird | oiseau | *ɛ́wɛ | ẹyẹ | ɛyɛ | |
| 7 | bite | mordre | – | bù ... jɛ | é-lɔ́ | bù |
| 8 | black | noir | *dúdú | dúdú | ɖúɖú | |
| 9 | blood | sang | *ɛ̀gyɛ̀ | ẹ̀jẹ̀ | ámbara | |
| 10 | bone | os | *égbṵ́gbṵ́ | eegun, egungun | ||
| 11 | breast | sein | *ɛ-yà̰ | àyà | ||
| 12 | burn | brûler | *jó | jó | gúna, múna | |
| 13 | cloud | nuage | – | kùrukùru | ákpá | |
| 14 | cold | froid | – | tútù | àfù | |
| 15 | come | venir | *wá | wá | wá | |
| 16 | die | mourir | *kpú | kú | kú | |
| 17 | dog | chien | *agyá | ajá | ádzá | |
| 18 | drink | boire | *mṵ | mu | ||
| 19 | dry | sec | *gbE | gbẹ | ||
| 20 | ear | oreille | *étí | etí | etí | |
| 21 | eat | manger | *jɛṵ | jẹ, jẹun | dzɛ | |
| 22 | egg | œuf | *ɛɣḭ | ẹyin | ɛnyɛ | |
| 23 | eye | œil | *éjú | ojú | odzú | |
| 24 | fat | gras | *ùlA | |||
| 25 | feather | plume | *ìwɛ́ | ìyẹ́ | ||
| 26 | fire | feu | *úná̰ | iná | iná | |
| 27 | fish | poisson | *ɛ́ja | ẹja | ||
| 28 | louse, flea | pou, puce | *íná̰ | |||
| 29 | fly | voler | *fwò | fò | ||
| 30 | foot, leg | jambe, pied | *ɛ́sɛ̀ | ẹsẹ̀ | ||
| 31 | full | plein | *kṵ́ | kún | gbúdú | |
| 32 | give | donner | – | fṵ́ | é-du | fú, fú nɛ |
| 33 | go | aller | – | lɔ | é-ló | |
| 34 | good | bon | – | dára | é-nyàn | |
| 35 | ground | terre | *Vnɛ̀ | ilẹ | ilɛ | |
| 36 | hair | cheveu | *irṵ̀ ? | irun | ||
| 37 | hand, arm | bras, main | *ɔ́wɔ́ | ọwọ́ | ɔwɔ | |
| 38 | head | tete | *orí | orí | ||
| 39 | hear | entendre | *gbɔ́ | gbọ́ | gbɔ | |
| 40 | heart | cœur | – | ɔkà̰ | ómú-ɛ̀dɔ̀ | |
| 41 | horn | corne | *ìɣwO | ìwo | ||
| 42 | hot | chaud | – | gbóná̰ | é-kpúná | |
| 43 | I | je, moi | *mḭ | mo, èmi | ||
| 44 | kill | tuer | *kpa | pá | kpòkú (kpáa nóòkú) | |
| 45 | knee | genou | ?-kpṵ́ | orúkú | ìrúkú | |
| 46 | know | savoir | *ma̰ | mọ̀ | máŋɛ, máa | |
| 47 | leaf | feuille | – | ewé | ógwù | |
| 48 | lie | être couché | ? | dùbúlẹ̀ | ? | |
| 49 | little | petit | *kékeré | kékeré, kéré | ||
| 50 | liver | foie | *ɛ̀dɔ̀ | |||
| 51 | long | long | – | gṵ̀ | ùjijì | dzídzɛ |
| 52 | man | homme | – | ɔkṵ̀rḭ | ɔ́nɛkɛlɛ | |
| 53 | many | beaucoup | – | kpúkpɔ̀ | ùwéwe | kpíkpɔ |
| 54 | meat | viande | *ɛ́la̰ | ẹran | ||
| 55 | moon | lune | *Ocù | òṣùpá | òtsù, òtsùkpá | |
| 56 | mountain | colline | – | òkè | úwó | òké |
| 57 | mouth | bouche | *ɛ́lṵ ? | ẹnu, ètè, èdè | árũ | |
| 58 | nail | ongle | – | èékɔ̰́nɔ̰́ | ɔ̀gɔ̀ | |
| 59 | name | nom | *órú- ? | orúkọ | ||
| 60 | neck | cou | – | ɔrṵ̀ | ɔ̀fa | |
| 61 | new | nouveau | *titṵ | titun | ||
| 62 | night | nuit | *òru | òru | òrù | |
| 63 | no | négation | – | kò | ń | |
| 64 | nose | nez | *ímṵ́ | imú | ímɔ | |
| 65 | one | un | *ínḭ́ | ẹni | ||
| 65 | one | un | *ɔ̀wóka̰ | ọ̀kan | ||
| 66 | person | personne | *Vnḭ | ènìyàn | ɔnyà, ònìnyà | |
| 67 | rain | pluie | *òjɔ́ ? | òjò | òdzò, òdzò rirɔ | |
| 68 | red | rouge | *kpa-ikpa | pupa | kpíkpá, kpíkpã | |
| 69 | road | chemin | *ɔ̀wónà̰ | ọ̀nà | ||
| 70 | root | racine | *èkpíkpV | |||
| 71 | round | rond | – | ròbòtò | òkòkòlò | |
| 72 | sand | sable | – | iya̰rḭ̀ | ɛ́kɛtɛ̀ | |
| 73 | say | dire | – | sɔ, wí, nḭ́ | é-kà | wí, fɔ, rɔ |
| 74 | see | voir | *lí | rí | rí | |
| 75 | seed | graine | *úlú | |||
| 76 | sit | s'asseoir | – | jókòó | é-gwù | gbé, mɔkpìgbè |
| 77 | skin | peau | *aŋɔ | |||
| 78 | sleep | dormir | *sṵ̀ | sùn | ||
| 79 | smoke | fumée | – | èéfḭ́ | dudu | |
| 80 | stand | être debout | *dVgyó | díde | ||
| 81 | star | etoile | *ìlàwɔ̀ | ìràwọ̀ | ||
| 82 | stone | pierre | *òkpútà | òkútà | ||
| 83 | sun | soleil | *ólṵ̀ | oòrùn | ||
| 84 | swim, bathe | nager | *ɣà | wẹ, wẹdò, lúwẹ̀ẹ́ | wɛɖò | |
| 85 | tail | queue | *ìrɔ̰̀ ? | |||
| 86 | that | dém loin | – | ìyḛ | eélɛ | |
| 87 | this | dém proche | *èyí | èyí | ||
| 88 | tongue | langue | – | ahá̰ | ímálu | |
| 89 | tooth | dent | *éŋḭ́ | eyín | ényí | |
| 90 | tree | arbre | – | igi | ólí | egi |
| 91 | two | deux | *èjì | èjì | ||
| 92 | walk | marcher | – | rḭ̀ | ? | |
| 93 | water | eau | *ómḭ | omi | omì | |
| 94 | we | nous | *a | a, àwa | ||
| 95 | what | quoi ? | ? | kí nḭ | ɛ́ṵ (*inter+chose) | |
| 96 | white | blanc | *fṵfṵ | funfun | ||
| 97 | who | qui ? | ? | ta nḭ | ɛ́nɛ̀ (*inter+pers.) | |
| 98 | woman | femme | – | obḭ̀rḭ | ónobùlɛ | |
| 99 | you sg | tu | *o | o | ||
| 100 | you pl | vous | *ɛ | ẹ | ||
| 100 | you pl | vous | *ɛ | ẹ |
Akinkugbe (1978)[edit]
The following list of Proto-Yoruboid reconstructions is from Akinkugbe (1978: 828-852).
Classification[edit]
Classification from Akinkugbe (1978):
- Proto-Yoruba-Igala
- Igala
- Proto-Yoruba-Isekiri
- Isekiri
- Proto-Yoruba
List 2[edit]
| No. | Gloss | PYIG (Proto-Yoruba-Igala) | PYIS (Proto-Yoruba-Isekiri) | PYOR (Proto-Yoruba) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | abuse v., insult v. | *bú | ||
| 3 | arid, up | *rò | ||
| 4 | all | *dVdV | ||
| 9 | arrive, meet | *dé | ||
| 10 | ashes | *e-rĩ́rṹ | ||
| 11 | ask (question) | *bi | ||
| 12 | axe | *ɛ-dʊ̃̀ | ||
| 13 | axe | *-ké | ||
| 14 | back | *à-ɲì̃ | ||
| 15 | bag | *à-kpò | ||
| 16 | bald, be | *kpá (?) | ||
| 19 | beans | *ɛ̀-gwà | ||
| 20 | beans | *e-rèé | ||
| 21 | beat (person, drum) | *lù | ||
| 22 | bedbug | *ɪ̀-dʊ̃ | ||
| 23 | bee, honey | *o-ɲĩ | ||
| 25 | big, great | *-la | ||
| 26 | bird | *ɛ-wɛ | ||
| 27 | block, be | *-dṹ | ||
| 28 | block (of hole, ear) | *dĩ | ||
| 30 | blood | *ɛ̀-byɛ̀ | ||
| 31 | blow (of wind, with mouth) | *fɛ́ | ||
| 32 | blow (of wind) | *jù | ||
| 33 | body | *V-ra | ||
| 36 | bone | *V-k'ĩk'ũ | ||
| 39 | bow n. | *ɔ-ɗʊ̃ | ||
| 40 | break (pot, calabash etc.) | *fɔ́ | ||
| 42 | break (nut) | *kpa | ||
| 43 | breast | *ɛ-ɲã̀ | ||
| 44 | breast | *ɔ-mʊ̃́ | ||
| 45 | breathe | *ŋmĩ́ | ||
| 46 | buffalo (bushcow) | *ɛ-fã̀ | ||
| 47 | build (with bricks) | *kɔ́ | ||
| 49 | burn (trans.) | *jó | ||
| 50 | bury (object) | *ɗì | ||
| 51 | bury (corpse) | *sĩ | ||
| 52 | buttocks, button | *ù-dí (ì-) | ||
| 54 | buy | *rà | ||
| 55 | calabash | *ʊ-gbá | ||
| 56 | call, summon | *kpè | ||
| 57 | carry load (on the head) | *ɗù | ||
| 58 | carry load (with hands) | *gbé | ||
| 59 | carve (of wood) | *gbɛ̃́ | ||
| 62 | chest | *à-yà | ||
| 64 | chew, masticate, crush | *rʊ̃́ | ||
| 65 | chew-stick, timber logs | *o-rĩ́ | ||
| 66 | chicken, fowl | *a-dɪ̀wɛ | ||
| 67 | child(ren) | *ɔ-mã | ||
| 68 | chin, jaw | *à-gbã̀ | ||
| 69 | choose | *ɲã̀ | ||
| 71 | clear (bush) | *cã́ | ||
| 72 | climb, mount | *gũ̀ | ||
| 74 | cock | *à-kɪ̀kɔ | ||
| 76 | come | *ɓá | ||
| 77 | cook, boil | *sì | ||
| 78 | corpse | *ò-kú | ||
| 79 | count | *kà | ||
| 80 | cover, put on (head, pot) | *dé | ||
| 81 | cover up, protect | *bò | ||
| 82 | cowry, niece (of something), seed | *ɛ-yɔ | ||
| 83 | crab | *a-kɪ̃ã̀rã́ | ||
| 84 | crocodile | *ɔ̀-nɪ | ||
| 85 | crow | *kɔ | ||
| 89 | cut (with knife, axe), hack, peck | *cá | ||
| 90 | cut (with hand), sever | *já | ||
| 92 | dance v. | *jí | ||
| 93 | defecate | *cũ | ||
| 94 | demolish | (?) *gwí | ||
| 96 | destroy, exterminate | *rũ | ||
| 97 | dew | *è-rì | ||
| 98 | die | *kú | ||
| 100 | dig | *gwà | ||
| 101 | dig, bore into (something) | *gwɔ̀ | ||
| 102 | disease, illness | *à-wʊ̃̀ | ||
| 103 | divide, share | *kpɪ̃́ | ||
| 106 | dog | *a-byá | ||
| 107 | drag | *gwɔ́ | ||
| 108 | dream v. | *lá | ||
| 109 | dream n. | *V̀-lá | ||
| 110 | drink | *ŋmʊ̃ | ||
| 111 | drive (vehicle), paddle | *gwà | ||
| 112 | dry, become (of voter, cloth, etc.) | *gbɛ | ||
| 113 | duiker, antelope | *a-tu | ||
| 115 | ear | *e-tĩ́ | ||
| 117 | eat | *jɛ | ||
| 118 | egg | *ɛ-g'ɪ | ||
| 119 | eight | *ɛ́-jɔ | ||
| 120 | elephant | *e-rĩ | ||
| 122 | end V., be finished | *kpaVɗí | ||
| 123 | end v., be finished (intr.) | *tã́ | ||
| 124 | end of (something) | *òkpĩ | ||
| 125 | enter (a place) | *wɔ̀ | ||
| 126 | evening | *a-lɛ́ | ||
| 127 | evidence | *à-rí | ||
| 131 | eye | *e-jú | ||
| 132 | fads (of materials colour) | *cá | ||
| 133 | faeces, excrement | *i-wĩ́ | ||
| 134 | fall (of rain) | *rɔ̀ | ||
| 135 | farm n. | *o-ko | ||
| 136 | farmer | *à-gbɛ̃̀ | ||
| 137 | fastens lock, close | *tĩ̀ | ||
| 138 | fasten, lock, dam | *sé | ||
| 139 | fat | (?) *V̀-rá | ||
| 140 | fear n. | *à-rũ̀ | ||
| 141 | feather | *ɪ̀-wɛ́ | ||
| 142 | feed (somebody) | *bɔ́ | ||
| 143 | female | *o-bí | ||
| 144 | female | *a-bo | ||
| 146 | fight v. | *jà | ||
| 149 | fire | *ʊ-nɪ̃ã́ | ||
| 151 | fish | *ɛ-ja | ||
| 152 | fishhook | *ʊ̀-wɔ̀ | ||
| 153 | five | *à-rʊ̃ã́ | ||
| 154 | flow (as water, river) | *cã̀ | ||
| 155 | fly, jump | *fò | ||
| 156 | foam, rage, boil over | *Có | ||
| 158 | foot, leg | *ɔ-sɛ̃̀ | ||
| 159 | forget | *-gbé- | ||
| 160 | four | *ɛ̀-rɪ̃ | ||
| 162 | friend | *o-lùkũ | ||
| 163 | friend | *ɔ̀-rɛ́ | ||
| 164 | fruit | *è-so | ||
| 165 | fruit bat | *à-dɪ̃ã́ | ||
| 166 | fry (in oil) | *dɪ̃́ | ||
| 167 | full, be | *kʊ̃́ | ||
| 170 | give birth | *bí | ||
| 171 | glitter, shine | *dã́ | ||
| 172 | go | *lɔ | ||
| 173 | goat, he | *ɔ̀-bʊ́kɔ | ||
| 174 | goat, she | *e-ɓí | ||
| 176 | gown, robe | *à-wù | ||
| 178 | grease | *ʊ̀-jà (ɪ̀-) | ||
| 180 | greet, salute | *gwa | ||
| 181 | greet, salute | *kĩ́ | ||
| 182 | grey hair | *i-ɓṹ | ||
| 183 | grind | *lɔ̀ | ||
| 184 | grinding stone | *V-lɔ | ||
| 185 | ground, earth | *V-lɛ̀ | ||
| 187 | grumble, murmur | *kʊ̃̀ | ||
| 188 | guinea fowl | *a-wí | ||
| 189 | guts, intestine | *ìfũ (?) | ||
| 191 | hair | *ʊ-rʊ̃ | ||
| 192 | hand | *ɔ-ɓɔ́ | ||
| 193 | hard, be, be difficult | *nĩ | ||
| 195 | hasten, quicken | *yá | ||
| 196 | have, possess | *nɪ̃́ | ||
| 197 | he, she | *ò-ŋũ | ||
| 198 | head | *o-ɗí | ||
| 199 | hear | *gbɔ́ | ||
| 200 | heart (as a seat of emotion), chest | *ɛ̀-dʊ̃̀ | ||
| 201 | heart (as an organ), conscience | *ɔ-kɪã̀ | ||
| 202 | heavy, be | *-ɓo | ||
| 204 | hips, waist | *à-gí | ||
| 205 | hoe v., weed v. | *ro | ||
| 206 | hoe n. | *ɔ-kɔ́ | ||
| 208 | hole | *u-Cò (i-) | ||
| 210 | horn (of animal) | *ù-ɣo | ||
| 211 | hot, be (as pepper) | *ta | ||
| 212 | house | *u-lí | ||
| 213 | housefly | *V-cĩcĩ | ||
| 214 | hunger | *e-bi | ||
| 216 | hunter | *ɔ-dɛ | ||
| 217 | husband, (male) | *ɔ-kɔ | ||
| 218 | I | *ò-mĩ | ||
| 220 | inside of | *ɪ-nʊ̃́ | ||
| 223 | iron (metal) | *ʊ-rɪ̃ (ɪ-) | ||
| 226 | journey | *à-jò | ||
| 228 | kill | *kpa | ||
| 229 | knee | *-kṹ | ||
| 230 | knife | *ɔ̀-bɛ | ||
| 231 | know | *mã̀ | ||
| 232 | ladle (wooden) | *ʊ̀-kpã (ɪ̀-) | ||
| 233 | language | *è-dè | ||
| 234 | laugh | *rĩ́ | ||
| 235 | laughter | *à-rĩ́ | ||
| 236 | leaf | *e-wé (i-) | ||
| 237 | lean against | *rɔ̀ | ||
| 238 | learn, each | *kɔ́ | ||
| 239 | left (hand, side) | *ò-sì | ||
| 241 | lick | *lá | ||
| 243 | live in, dwell in | *gbé | ||
| 244 | liver | *V̀-dɔ̀ | ||
| 245 | load | *a-ɗũ̀ | ||
| 247 | look at | *g'ò | ||
| 248 | lose (something), get lost | *-nɔ̃̀ | ||
| 249 | lost, be (intr.) | *-nɔ̃̀ | ||
| 251 | louse | *ʊ-nɪ̃ã́ | ||
| 252 | maggot | *ɪ̀-dɪ̃ | ||
| 253 | make, do | *ce | ||
| 255 | make ridges | *kɔ | ||
| 258 | man, male | *ɔ-kʊ̃rɪ̃ | ||
| 259 | many, be | *wéwe | ||
| 260 | market place | *a-jà | ||
| 262 | mat | *a-nĩ́ | ||
| 264 | measure | *ŋwã̀ | ||
| 265 | meat, animal | *ɛ-rɪ̃ã | ||
| 266 | medicine | *o-gũ̀ | ||
| 268 | millipede | *ɔ̀-kʊ̃̀ | ||
| 269 | money | *e-ɣí | ||
| 270 | month | *o-cũ̀ | ||
| 271 | moon | *ɔ̀-cʊ̃̀kpá | ||
| 272 | mosquito | *i-mṹ | ||
| 273 | mould (pottery), build (with clay) | *mã | ||
| 274 | mouldy, become, become rotten | *bu | ||
| 276 | mouth | *a-rʊ̃ã | ||
| 278 | nail v. | *kã̀ | ||
| 279 | nail (finger, toe) | *ɛ̀-kɪ́kɪ̃ã́nã́ | ||
| 280 | name n. | *o-ɗú | ||
| 281 | navel, umbilical cord | *u-do (i-) | ||
| 282 | neck | *ɔ-rʊ̃̀ | ||
| 283 | new, be | *-tʊ̃ | ||
| 284 | night | *ò-ɗũ | ||
| 285 | nine | *ɛ̀-ɛɪ̃ã́ | ||
| 286 | noon | *ɔ̀-sɔ̃́ | ||
| 287 | nose | *ɪ-ŋmʊ̃́ | ||
| 288 | nothing, emptiness | *-fo | ||
| 290 | oil, palm oil | *e-kpo | ||
| 291 | old, be (of person, material) | *gbí | ||
| 292 | one | *ɪ-nɛ̃́ | ||
| 293 | ooze (as water from rock) | *sʊ̃ | ||
| 294 | open | *cí | ||
| 295 | open, make way, separate | *bì | ||
| 298 | pare (nails) | *ré | ||
| 299 | pay (for something) | *sɪ̃ã | ||
| 301 | peel (with knife), slice | *bɛ | ||
| 303 | pepper | *a-ta | ||
| 304 | perch (as bird), descend | *bà | ||
| 305 | perish | *gbé | ||
| 306 | person | *ɔ-nɪ̃ | ||
| 308 | pierce, prick, stab | *gṹ | ||
| 309 | pierce, bore a hole | *lu | ||
| 310 | plait (hair, rope), weave | *bã | ||
| 311 | plait (hair, rope), tie | *dĩ̀ | ||
| 312 | plant v. (tubers) | *gbɛ̃̀ | ||
| 314 | pound (in mortar) | *gṹ | ||
| 315 | pour | *dà | ||
| 316 | praise v. | *ɲɪ̃̀ | ||
| 318 | pregnant, become | *ɲʊ̃́ | ||
| 322 | profit, gain | *V̀-rè | ||
| 324 | pull | *fà | ||
| 325 | push | *tĩ̀ | ||
| 328 | rabbit, hare | *a-Coro | ||
| 329 | race n. | *V-ré | ||
| 331 | rain, stream | *a-ji | ||
| 332 | rain | *ò-jò | ||
| 333 | ram | *à-gbò | ||
| 334 | razor | *a-bɛ | ||
| 335 | receive, accept, obtain | *gbà | ||
| 336 | recount, tell, say, gossip | *kà | ||
| 337 | red, be | *-kpa | ||
| 338 | refuse v. | *kɔ̀ | ||
| 339 | rejoice | *yɔ̀ | ||
| 340 | relative-in-law | *à-nɪ̃ã | ||
| 341 | reply n., answer n. | *V̀-sì | ||
| 342 | ribs | *ʊ̀-ɣà | ||
| 343 | ridges | *V-bV̀ | ||
| 344 | right (band, side) | *ɔ̀-tʊ̃́ | ||
| 345 | ripe, become | *kpã́ | ||
| 346 | roar, cry aloud | *bú | ||
| 347 | roast (in fire) | *sʊ̃ | ||
| 350 | rope (general) | *V-kũ̀ | ||
| 351 | rotten, become | *kɛ̀ | ||
| 352 | rotten, become | *rà | ||
| 354 | rub | *kpa | ||
| 355 | run (a race) | *sá | ||
| 356 | rush out | *rí | ||
| 357 | saliva | *ɪ-tɔ̃́ | ||
| 358 | salt | *o-ɓũ | ||
| 359 | salt | *ɪ-yɔ̀ | ||
| 361 | say | *gwĩ́ | ||
| 363 | scrape off (with knife, razor) | *fá | ||
| 364 | scratch, itch | *Cʊ̃́ | ||
| 366 | sea | *ò-kũ | ||
| 367 | see | *rí | ||
| 368 | seed, grain | *u-rú | ||
| 371 | sell | *tà | ||
| 372 | send (someone to do something) | *rã́ | ||
| 374 | set trap, hunt | *dɛ | ||
| 375 | seven | *è-bye | ||
| 377 | sew (with thread) | *rã́ | ||
| 378 | shade, swing | *mĩ̀ | ||
| 379 | shake off, peel off | *ŋwã́ | ||
| 383 | shoot (gun) | *ɲi | ||
| 384 | shoot (arrow, catapult) | *ta | ||
| 385 | show, appear | *ŋɪ̃ã̀ | ||
| 386 | side (of house, road) | *V̀-bá | ||
| 387 | side (of body) | *ɛ̀-gbɛ́ | ||
| 388 | six | *ɛ̀-fà | ||
| 389 | skin (by hand) | *bí | ||
| 390 | skin off, scratch | *ɣa | ||
| 391 | skin, hide | *a-g'ɔ̃ | ||
| 392 | slave | *a-ɗú | ||
| 393 | sleep v. | *sũ̀ | ||
| 394 | sleep n. | *o-rũ | ||
| 395 | slice, chop | *rɛ́ | ||
| 397 | smell, stink | *rũ̀ | ||
| 398 | snail | *ʊ̀-gbɪ̃́ (ɪ̀-) | ||
| 399 | snake | *e-jò | ||
| 400 | snap, break (stick), fold | *cɛ́ | ||
| 401 | snatch, catch | *ŋã́ | ||
| 402 | snore | *ŋwõ̀ | ||
| 403 | soft, be, be tender | *rɔ̀ | ||
| 404 | soft, be (become excessively ripe) | *dɛ̃̀ | ||
| 405 | song | *e-rĩ | ||
| 406 | sour, become | *kã | ||
| 407 | smear | *ɔ̀-kɪɔ̀ | ||
| 408 | split, divide | *dá | ||
| 409 | split | *là | ||
| 410 | sprout, grow, germinate | *Cù | ||
| 413 | steal | *jí | ||
| 415 | stomach | *u-kũ̀ | ||
| 416 | stomach (internal) | *ɪ-nʊ̃́ | ||
| 417 | stone | *ɔ̀-kʊ́ta | ||
| 418 | storage barn | *á-ká | ||
| 419 | storage barn | *a-bà | ||
| 421 | stretch, extend | *nã̀ | ||
| 422 | string (beads, cowries etc.) | *sé | ||
| 424 | sun | *o-rũ̀ | ||
| 425 | swallow | *m'ĩ̀ | ||
| 426 | sweep | *gbá | ||
| 427 | swell | *ɓú | ||
| 428 | swing | *Cì | ||
| 430 | tail (of animal) | *ù-rũ̀ | ||
| 431 | take (one thing), catch, seize, hold | *mṹ | ||
| 432 | take (part of) | *bù | ||
| 433 | take portion out (with a ladle, shovel etc.) | *kɔ | ||
| 434 | take off (clothes) | *bʊɔ́ | ||
| 435 | taste | *tɔ́- | ||
| 436 | taste, test, tempt | *dã́(ɣò) | ||
| 438 | tear | *ya | ||
| 439 | tears | *a-kʊ̃ã́ | ||
| 442 | ten | *ɛ̀-gwá | ||
| 446 | they, them | *à-ɓã | ||
| 447 | thief | *o-lè | ||
| 448 | thigh | *ʊ-tɪ̃ã (ɪ-) | ||
| 449 | think | *rò | ||
| 450 | thirty | *ɔ-gbã̀ | ||
| 451 | thorn, prickle | *à-gṹ | ||
| 452 | three | *à-ta | ||
| 453 | throat | *à-ta | ||
| 454 | throw | *sɔ | ||
| 455 | throw | *jù | ||
| 456 | tie (rope, animal etc.) | *so | ||
| 458 | timber, trunk (of a tree) | *ì-tì | ||
| 460 | tongue | *ʊ-ɓã́ | ||
| 461 | tooth | *e-ɲĩ́ | ||
| 462 | tortoise | *a-ŋʊ̃ | ||
| 463 | touch, make contact with | *bà | ||
| 464 | touch, make contact with | *tɔ́ | ||
| 465 | tree, firewood | *e-gĩ (i-) | ||
| 468 | turn, roll | *yí | ||
| 469 | twenty | *o-gṹ | ||
| 470 | twist (rope, material) | *lɔ́ | ||
| 471 | twist (limb) | *rɔ́ | ||
| 472 | two | *è-jì | ||
| 473 | umbilical cord | *ʊ̀-ɣɔ́ | ||
| 475 | untie | *tú | ||
| 476 | urinate | *tɔ̀ | ||
| 477 | urine | *ɪ̀-tɔ̀ | ||
| 478 | vagina | *ò-bò | ||
| 479 | voice | *o-ɓũ̀ | ||
| 480 | vomit | *bì | ||
| 481 | vomit, precipitate | *sɛ̃̀ | ||
| 483 | walk v. | *rɪ̃̀ | ||
| 484 | walk n. | *ʊ̀-rɪ̃̀ | ||
| 485 | wall | *ɔ̀-ɗɔ̀ | ||
| 486 | wall | *ò-giri | ||
| 487 | want (desire), like | *fɛ́ | ||
| 488 | war | *o-gũ | ||
| 489 | wash (clothes, plates, etc.) | *fɔ̀ | ||
| 490 | wash (body), bathe | *gwɛ̀ | ||
| 491 | water | *o-mĩ | ||
| 492 | wear, put on (clothes) | *wɔ̀ | ||
| 493 | wear, put on (clothes) | *nĩ́ | ||
| 494 | weave | *ŋʊ̃ | ||
| 496 | we | *à-ɓa | ||
| 498 | weep, cry | *sʊ̃ | ||
| 499 | wet, be, be cold | *-tũ̀ | ||
| 500 | white, be | *-fũ | ||
| 501 | wind | *V̀-fù | ||
| 502 | wine, beer (general word) | *ɔ-tɪ̃́ | ||
| 503 | wither (of leaves, flowers, plants etc.) | *rɔ | ||
| 504 | woman, female | *ɔ-bɪ̃̀rɪ̃ | ||
| 505 | word, matter | *ɔ̀-rɔ̀ | ||
| 506 | word, matter, trouble | *ɔ̀-rã̀ | ||
| 507 | work n. | *ʊ-cɛ́ | ||
| 508 | wrap | *ɓé | ||
| 509 | wring (clothes), squeeze | *fʊ̃́ | ||
| 510 | wring, squeeze, press (for demand) | *Cí | ||
| 511 | yam | *u-cũ (i-) | ||
| 512 | yawn | *ɲã́ | ||
| 513 | year | *ɔ-dʊ̃́ | ||
| 514 | you sg. | *ʊ̀-ɓV | ||
| 515 | you pl. | *ɛ̀-ɓɪ̃ |
References[edit]
- Akinkugbe, Olufẹmi Odutayo. 1978. A comparative phonology of Yoruba dialects, Iṣẹkiri and Igala. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan. 916pp.
- Aubry, N., H. Friedman & K. Pozdniakov. 2004. Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).
- Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2018. The numeral system of Proto-Niger-Congo: A step-by-step reconstruction (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. →ISBN. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1311704