Appendix:Proto-Central Khoisan reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Central Khoisan reconstructions is from Baucom (1974).
List
[edit]| English gloss | Proto-Central Khoisan |
|---|---|
| afraid | *!’au |
| alone | *ǀui |
| and | *e |
| to answer | *oe |
| arm | *+’õã |
| arrow | *ǂ’aa |
| ashes | *dʐao |
| to ask | *tẽ |
| bad | *thu |
| bark | *sorV |
| big | *kae |
| bird | *dʐera |
| to bite | *ga |
| black | *ǂnuu |
| blood | *ǀ’ao |
| to blow (1) | *!um |
| to blow (2) | *xãĩ |
| body | *ǀkx’ao |
| bow | *ten |
| bow string | *ǁ’aba |
| boy (1) | *kx’aro |
| boy (2) | *ǀoa |
| to break | *kõã |
| breast (1) | *sam |
| breast (2) | *pii |
| buffalo | *ǀao |
| to burn | *dhau |
| buttock | *tsi |
| to carry | *tane |
| to catch (1) | *!xoo |
| to catch (2), fetch, take | *se |
| to chew | *ǁai |
| child | *ǀoa |
| chin | *!ani |
| to clap hands | *ǁ’am |
| to climb | *!’aba |
| cloud | *ǀhom |
| to be cold | *+xei |
| to come | *ha |
| to cook | *tsãĩ |
| to cut | *!ao |
| to dance (1) | *ǀkx’ii |
| to dance (2) | *ǂnaa |
| day, sun | *ǀam |
| to die | *ǁ’o |
| to dig | *khao |
| to do, make (1) | *kuru |
| to do, make (2) | *hĩ |
| dog | *aba |
| to drink | *kx’a |
| to dwell, live | *ǁ’an |
| ear | *ǂae |
| to eat | *ǂ’ũ |
| egg | |
| eland | *du |
| elephant | *ǂxoa |
| to enter | *ǂã |
| excrement | *thu |
| eye | *ǂxai |
| face | *kx’ai |
| to be fat | *kau |
| father (2) | *ǁu |
| father (1) | *ba; *aba |
| female | *ǁae |
| to fight | *ǁ’ã |
| fire | *ǀ’ae |
| to flee | *!xue |
| fly (1) | *eni |
| fly (2) | *dhoe |
| to forget | *ǀ’uru |
| four | *haka |
| from | *xu |
| gemsbok | *ǀkx’oo |
| giraffe | *!nabe |
| to give | *ma |
| to go, walk | *!ũ |
| to go out | *ǂkx’oa |
| good | *!an |
| grass | *ǀã |
| grease, fat | *ǁnui |
| green | *!’am |
| to grow | *kae |
| hair (1) | *ǀxũ |
| hair (2) | *ǂuun |
| hand | *tsau |
| hartebeest | *ǁxama |
| he | *+aib |
| head (1) | *ǀu |
| head (2) | *mhaa |
| to hear (1) | *tse |
| to hear (2) | *ǁnãũ |
| to hear (3) | *kum |
| heart | *ǂao |
| hippopotamus | *!kx’oa |
| honey | *dani |
| horn | *ǁnaa |
| hot | *ǀam |
| to hurt | *thũ |
| hut, house (1) | *+nu |
| hut, house (2) | *kx’om |
| I (masculine) | *tire |
| I (feminine) | *tita |
| jackal | *ǀiri |
| to kill | *lam |
| knee | *!uru |
| to know | *ǂ’an |
| kudu (1) | *xei |
| kudu (2) | *doa |
| land, earth | *!nu |
| to leave | *xu |
| left (side) | *ǁae |
| leg, thigh | *tẽ |
| leopard | *!ue |
| to lie down | *ǁoe |
| lion | *xam |
| little | *!kx’ari |
| to live | *ǁ’an |
| liver | *kx’ai |
| lungs | *soo |
| man | *kx’au khoe |
| master | *ǀhũ |
| meat, flesh (1) | *kx’oxo |
| meat, flesh (2) | *ǁani |
| melon | *thama |
| milk | *pii |
| to milk | *ǀkx’ao |
| moon | *+nwe |
| mother | *ae |
| mouth | *kx’am |
| mud | *ǂkx’oa |
| nail, fingernail | *ǁkx’oro |
| name | *ǀkx’on |
| near | *ǀu |
| neck (1) | *!’au |
| neck (2) | *dhom |
| night | *thuxu |
| nose | *ǂuii |
| not | *tama |
| not to know | *ǀ’uu |
| of (possessive suffix) | *dhi |
| old | *kae(de) |
| one | *ǀui |
| to open | *ǁxoba |
| ostrich (1) | *ǀaro |
| ostrich (2) | *ǀ’ami |
| palm of hand | *tsau |
| path, road | *dhau |
| person | *khoe |
| poison | *!an |
| porcupine | *!noe |
| to pull | *ǂai |
| quiver | *!uru |
| to rain | *tu |
| to rest | *sã |
| rhinoceros | *!naba |
| right (side) | *kx’au |
| to rise (of the sun) | *!kx’ua |
| rock, stone (1) | *+noa |
| rock, stone (2) | *ǀ’ui |
| rope, snare | *!xui |
| round | *!ubu |
| salt | *dabe; *debe |
| sand | *xum |
| sandal, shoe | *+nabo |
| to say | *mi |
| to see | *mũ |
| to seize, catch | *!xoo |
| to set (of the sun) | *ǂa |
| to shoot | *ǁxau |
| to shut | *ǀ’um |
| sinew | *ǁ’aba |
| to sing | *ǂnai |
| to sit | *ǂnu |
| skin | *khoo |
| to sleep | *ǁkx’om |
| small | *ǀa(ri) |
| to smell | *ham |
| smoke | *ǀkx’an |
| snake | *ǀkx’ao |
| soil | *xum |
| sun | *ǀoa |
| spear | *ǂxau |
| springbok | *!xai |
| to stand | *the |
| star (1) | *ǀkx’aini |
| star (2) | *ǂkx’aonu |
| steinbok | *!xai |
| to suck | *pii |
| to swallow | *thom |
| to swell | *xãĩ |
| tail | *tsau |
| to talk, say | *kx’wi |
| that | *ǁna |
| there | *ǁna |
| they (masculine) | *+u |
| they (feminine) | *di |
| they (common) | *na |
| thing | *xuu |
| this | *ǀne |
| thorn | *ǁxam |
| thou (masculine) | *tsa |
| thou (feminine) | *sa |
| three | *!noona |
| throat | *dhom |
| to tie up | *!ai |
| time | *ǁ’ae |
| tomorrow | *uka |
| tongue | *dham |
| tooth | *ǁõõ |
| tree | *zei |
| two | *ǀam |
| urine | *ǀkx’am |
| veld | *ǂaa |
| to want | *ǂao |
| to wash | *ǁkx’aa |
| water (1) | *tsaa |
| water (2) | *ǁami |
| we (masculine) | *+ai |
| we (feminine) | *se |
| we (common) | *tia |
| werf | *ǁ’ai |
| wet | *ǀkx’am |
| white | *!’u(ri) |
| who? | *dei |
| wildebeest (blue) | *ǀae |
| wing | *ǁabo |
| to work | *sĩsẽn |
| worm | *ǂkx’oni |
| year | *kuri |
| yesterday | *tua |
| you (masculine, pl.) | *+ao |
| you (feminine, pl.) | *sao |
| you (common, pl.) | *tu |
| zebra (1) | *bize |
| zebra (2) | *kuaxa |
References
[edit]- Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. Proto-Central-Khoisan. In Voeltz, Erhard Friedrich Karl (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on African linguistics, 7-8 April 1972, 3-37. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University.