Appendix:Proto-Nupoid reconstructions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
The following lists of Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Bankale (2006) and Blench (2013).
Bankale (2006)
[edit]Proto-Nupoid and Proto-Ebiroid reconstructions from Bankale (2006: 354-361):[1]
Gloss | Proto-Nupoid | Proto-Ebiroid |
---|---|---|
ashes | *V-tuNu | *a-tɪtɔ |
ask | *gbigɔN | *fusetʃe |
axe | *CV-gbakuN | *ɪra-ga |
bag | *a-mpo | |
bat | *arɪ-ga | |
beans | *V-zʊ | *ɛ-za |
beat (person) | *lhu | *tu |
beat (drum) | *nc | *fu |
bee | *phu | *ɛ-fʊ |
beer/wine | *e-ce | *e-ʧe |
belly (stomach) | *ɪ-nɛ | |
bird | *CV-luki | *i-nomi |
bite | *dʒɪrɛrʊ | |
black | *o-zi | *dʒiko |
blood | *V-giə | *aɲa |
blow (with mouth) | *gbhiə | *kʊahɪ |
blow (of wind) | *tiə | *tʊ |
boat (canoe) | *e-ja | *ɛ-kpa |
body | *nɔkɔ | *ɛ-ŋʷʊ |
bone | *CV-kiukuNu | *ʧʊku |
break (stick) | *ʧe | |
break (pot/calabash) | *ɓa | *tiaka |
breast(s) | *rɪ-ɓe | *ɪrɛ-ba |
buffalo | *ə-ja | *ɛ-ja |
burn tr. | *diuNa | *rɪra |
buy | *si | *ʃi |
call v. | *ji | *ʃɪ |
catch | *wɔNa | *za |
charcoal | *(e)-zuN | *a-remi |
chicken (domestic fowl) | *pitie | *V-ʃɪʊɛ |
climb | *gʊNʊ | *ʃirɛ |
cold v. | *V-fuefu | |
come | *ɓe | *bɛ |
cook | *du | *fʊ |
corpse | *V-ku | *o-ku |
cotton/thread | *lhuN | *o-wu |
count | *ba | *ka |
cover (a pot) | *kpe | *kuoku |
crab | *ka(ra)pu | *V-kakara |
crocodile | *a-gʊgʊ | |
dance v. | *jiəN | *ɲɛɲɛ |
descend | *ci | *tʃi |
desire (want) | *wa | *si |
die | *tiu | *su |
dig | *gba | *gba |
divide/share out | *giəNa | *ga |
dog | *ire-zi | |
donkey | *kɛ́tɛ́kɛ́tɛ́ | |
dream | *nana | *rʊra |
drink | *phiNi | *fu |
dry | *kawiə | *ɔ-wɛ |
dust | *e-bhu | *e-dudu |
ear | *CV-tuNukpua | *ʊ-tɔkpa |
eat | *gi | *rɪ |
egg | *CV-ziə | *a-dʒɛ |
elephant | *CV-dagba | *ɔ-dɔgba |
extinguish | *nuN | *mi |
eye | *e-wie | *e-ji |
fall v. | *sɛdʊ | |
farm | *ɪra-rɛ | |
father | *V-da | *a-da |
feces | *CV-biNi | *e-mi |
fear n. | *ə-diəNsu | *a-ŋwaʃɪ |
fear v. | *dəNa | *a-ŋʷaʃɪ |
female | *jiNko | *ɔ-ɲɛnɛ |
fetish | *kuti | *ɪra-fɪɔnɔ |
fifty | *ɛ-barɛʊ | |
finish | *zo | *ta |
fire | *ə-na | *ɪ-ra |
firewood | *cigbəN | *ɔ-kʊ |
fish | *V-jiəkɔN | *iseɲi |
five | *CV-tiuNu | *ɛ-ʃɪ |
fly | *fʊ | *ʃɪra |
food | *ɪ-sɔrɪ | *e-die |
four | *gi-niə | *ɛ-na |
friend | *ɔ-ta | |
fry | *kana | *wara |
full | *tse | *V-ʃi |
give | *giə | *sɪ |
give birth | *mə | *ma |
go v. | *lo | *na |
goat | *ə-na (gi) | *ɛ-bʊ |
god | *siəkəji | *ɪ-ʃɪnɛgba |
good | *gbhiə | *-zoza |
grass | *e-gbhə | *a-bɪ |
grind | *go | *kʊ |
grinding stone | *a-takuN | *ire-tɔkʊ |
ground | *V-kiNi | *ɛ-tɛ |
groundnut | *guzija | *V-kusije |
guest (stranger) | *ɔ-zɔga | |
guinea corn | *V-wiji | *a-kʊ |
hair | *V-tiɲi | *ɛ-jɪ |
hand | *CV-gbhʊɔ | *ʊ-bɔ |
head | *CV-tiuko | *ɪrɛ-sʊ |
hear | *wʊ | *wʊ |
horse | *V-doko | *V-baNta |
hot (as fire) | *-niəN | *ŋʷʊra |
house | piN | *ire-ʃi |
house fly | *CV-ziNi | *i-si- |
hunger | *mɛNdɛN | *ʊ-ŋʊɛ |
hunter | *nc | *o-(zu)gbe |
husband | *V-ba | *ɔ-ba |
in-law | *je | *ɔ-jɛ |
iron | *jɔNkpa | *ɔ-ɲisɛ |
jump | *fu | *dʒi |
kill | *wu | *wʊ |
king/chief | *o-tiu | *o-ʃɪnɔjɪ |
knife | *ə-biə | *ʊ-fʊɔ |
know | *kpe | *jɛ |
kola nut | *e-bi | *ɪrɛ-bʊ |
laugh v. | *mətiəN | *ɲɪ |
leaf | *CV-fiNit- | *a-bɪ |
learn | *kpe | *kɔsɛ |
left (side) | *-gbhʊɔpiNi | *u-bɔfa |
leg | *pitiə | *a-fu |
leopard | *nəNkpiəN | *ɛ-zʊ |
lie down | *le | *sʊtʊ |
to like | *je | *sire |
look for | *wiə | *si |
long | *wuNakpa | *ɔ-gɔdɔ |
maize | *kaba | *a-kpa(kpa) |
make | *gi | *mɛ |
man | *baghi | *ɔ-nɔrʊ |
market | *CV-giəNiko | *o-fu |
matchet | *CV-da | *tokofi |
meat | *u-je | |
medicine/charm | *cigbe | *ɪra-fɔnɔ |
monkey | *ə-kana | *ɔ-ntʃɛrɛ |
moon | *ə-pɪə | *ʊ-hʷɛ |
mortar | *i-ne | |
mountain | *a-taba | |
name | *CV-jɛ | *ɪrɛ-ʃa |
navel | *CV-kə | *ɪra-dʒɛ |
neck | *ɔ-gbɛ | |
needle | *V-kini | *ɔ-rɪhɪ |
new | *wo | *ɔ-wɔwɔ |
night | *ɪra-fʊ | |
nose | *V-bhʊə | *a-ʃɪ |
oil | *ə-mɪ | *a-ŋʷɛ |
okra | *ə-kpɔNi | *ɛ-kpɛfu |
one | *CV-nhi | *ɔ-ɲi, ɔ-ɲa |
pass by | *gogɔN | *pa(ra)fu |
pepper | *(a)-jakpa | *a-kpɔkɔ |
person | *ə-za | *ɔ-za |
plait (chair) | *tsiNi | *za |
pound | *tiu | *tu |
pull | *tʊra | |
push | *tiu | *tuʊvɔ |
rainy season | *zuN | *ɪrɛ-sʊ |
red | *o-vivi | |
refuse | *nabho | *ji |
return | *zi | *mɛ |
remember | *pa | *tamajɪ |
right (side) | *-gɓɔ- | *ʊ-bɔrɪ |
roast | *po | *fʊ |
robe (gown), man’s smock | *V-wu | *a-rʊɔbaɲi |
root | *CV-gbəgbə | *ɛ-kpa |
rope | *e-gbhɔ | *o-rukpa |
be rotten | *a-buo | *bʊ |
rubbish heap | *tuNu | *ire-tu |
run | *gbhiti | *zuetʃi |
saliva | *minikini | *a-tɛ |
salt | *V-səN | *a-nɔ |
say (something) | *giə | *karɛ |
send | *tuNu | *tʊ |
sea | *ire-fu | |
seed | *V-tʊtʊ | |
sell | *kuNu | *na |
sew | *kiN | *gɛ |
shoe | *CV-dabua | *ɪ-dava |
shoot | *tsie | *ʧe |
sing | *ko+ani | *dʒi |
sit down | *fedu | *jatʊ |
skin | *ə-pa | *u-kpa |
sleep | *lhelhe | *sʊara |
small | *ɓiɓi | *kiiki |
smoke | *V-nɔwu | *are-ji |
snail | *V-kpa | *-kɔkɔrɪ |
snake | *CV-wa | *ɛ-wu |
song | *ə-niəN | *a-ʃɛ |
soup | *e-niəN | *ɛ-kpɛ |
sow (seeds in holes) | *ʧire | |
steal | *wi | *ji |
stick | *cigbiə | *ɔ-tʃɪ |
stone | *o-kuta | *ɪrɛ-ta |
strong | *gbhokana | *ʊ-kata |
sun/sunshine | *ji | *ɔ-jɪ |
surpass | *gɔN | *fʊna |
swallow | *miNi | *mʊnɛ |
swell (of boil) | *wu | |
sweep | *fiN- | *ʃi |
sweet | *mɔNʊ | *ʃine |
tail | *tiəNtiə | *o-mu |
take (one thing) | *la | *sɪ |
ten | *CV-wo | *ɛ-wʊ |
thigh | *gbʊodɪNko | *u-siji |
thing | *V-jɔN | *ɪ-sa |
thirty | *o-furɛwʊ | |
thorn | *ə-kiə | *i-kehi |
three | *gu-ta | *ɛ-ta |
throw | *cie | *ne |
tie | *pa | *sʊ |
tongue | *a-giNtara | *ɪra-rɛ |
tooth | *jiNkɔN | *a-ɲɪ |
touch (with hand) | *lagɓato | *(yubɔ) kani |
town | *ə-zi | *ɪrɛ-kʊra |
tree | *V-cigbɔNa | *ɔ-tʃɪ |
twenty | *e-tsi | *o-fu |
two | *gu-ba | *e-ba |
untie | *lə | *ŋʷa |
vomit | *tu | *huɛrɛ |
vulture | *(V)-gulu | *u-gba |
walk | *diəziəN | *zʊsɛ |
wash (things) | *nɪna | |
water | *nuNŋʷa | *e-ɲi |
water pot | *diukhuN | *ɪ-nɔkɔ |
weave v. | *lu | *ʃɪ |
wet | *da | *o-fuɛfu |
white | *bʊ | *ɔ-bʊ |
wife | *jiNi | *ʊ-sɪ |
wind | *-phe | *a-ʃe |
wine/beer (general word) | *ə-die | *e-tʃe |
woman | *jiNiko | *ɔɲɛnɛ |
word | *CV-kɔ | *ɪrɛ-jɪ |
work n. | *e-tuNu | *-kɔrɔ |
wring (clothes) | *pɪə | *kama |
yam | *V-ti | *ɛ-nʊ |
year | *ə-ja | *ɪra-je |
Blench (2013)
[edit]The following Proto-Nupoid reconstructions are from Blench (2013).[2]
Gloss | Proto-Nupoid |
---|---|
tree | *ɔ́ʧĩ́ |
leaf | #avini |
charcoal | *ekana |
sand | *mu-ʒin |
smoke | *àmʷú |
fire | *n-ra |
wind | *efè |
rain | *ègbã |
to sharpen | *rɛ́ |
elephant | *-dogba |
buffalo | *ɛ̀ya; *ʊ̀-fá (?) |
Dioscorea guineensis | *iti |
Colocasia esculenta (cocoyam) | *-koko |
Sorghum bicolor (guinea corn, sorghum) | *àkwʊ́ |
one | *ɔ̀ɲɪ |
three | *ɛ̀tá |
four | *ɛ̀ɲi |
five | *ɛ̀tsun |
six | *twaɲi |
seven | *ǹtwaba |
ten | *ɛ̀bwʊ́n |
Some Proto-Nupe-Gbari crop name reconstructions are (Blench 2013):
Gloss | Proto-Nupe-Gbari |
---|---|
Pennisetum americanum (long-season millet) | *màkwú |
Pennisetum americanum (short-season millet) | *sàkwú; *kpàyì |
Digitaria exilis | *-furu |
References
[edit]- ^ Bankale, Oyetayo Abiodun. 2006. Comparative Ebiroid and Nupoid. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ibadan.
- ^ Blench, Roger. 2013. The Nupoid languages of west-central Nigeria: overview and comparative word list.