Appendix:Tadaksahak word list

The following word list of Tadaksahak is from Christiansen-Bolli (2010). Tadaksahak is a Songhay language spoken by nomads in Niger.

Abbreviations

adj.	adjective
adv.	adverb
conj.	conjunction
ind.	independent (pronoun)
n.	noun
npl.	noun only found in plural
num.	number
pl.	plural
postp.	postposition
prep.	preposition
pron.	pronoun
vi.	intransitive verb
vt.	transitive verb

List

Gloss	Part of speech	Tadaksahak
able, to be	vt.	báy
alive, to be	vi.	yiddár
all	quantifier	káamil
among	postp.	ka
amuse oneself, to	vi.	hór
ancestor (paternal)	n.	baabá
and (between noun phrases)	prep.	ǝnda
animal	n.	a-múudǝr
approach, to	vt.	mán
arm / hand	n.	kambá
ashes	n.	booʃí
at (somebody's)	postp.	daw
back (body part)	n.	a-rúuru
bad	adj.	agar
bad, to be	vi.	yibrár
bark	n.	barjí
battery	n.	ṭóndi
because	conj.	igdá ~ iddá ~ íd
before somebody	noun phrase.	mo ka.
beginning	n.	baŋgú
belly	n.	guŋgú
big, to be	vi.	bêr
big, to make	vt.	bêr
bird (general)	n.	cíidaw
bite (animal), to	vt.	ŋá
bite, to	vt.	ṇám
black	adj.	bíibi
black (color)	n.	bíibi
black, to be	vi.	bíibi
blacken, to	vt.	bíibi
blood	npl.	kud-én
blow (wind), to	vi.	fúr
bone (general)	n.	biidí
breathe, to	vi.	ʃ-ǝ́nfǝʃ
burn, to	vt.	kurú-kuru
burned, to be	vi.	kurú-kuru
carve (wooden spoon), to	vt.	kár
child	n.	báarar
cloud	npl.	nuun-én
cold (weather)	n.	fufú
come, to	vi.	kóy-kat
count, to	vt.	ʃ-iḍǝn
counting	n.	ʃ-iḍǝn
country	n.	gánda
cut, to	vt.	dumbú
cut, to	vt.	kós
cut, to be	vi.	kós
cutting	n.	kós
day	n.	zaɣrí
dead, to be	vi.	bún
death	n.	bún
deep, to be	vi.	kukú
deepen, to	vt.	kukú
die, to	vi.	bún
dig, to	vt.	fás
digging	n.	fás
dirt (excrement)	n.	lés
dirty, to be	vi.	lés
dirty, to be	vi.	ʒíibit
dirty, to make	vt.	lés
distance from, to	vt.	mór
dive, to	vi.	yíʃǝf
dog (general)	n.	hánʃi
dream	n.	keení ŋ guná
drink, to	vt.	nín
dry, to be	vi.	qóq
dug, to be	vi.	fás
dull (knife), to be	vi.	bún
dust	n.	a-báaleq
ear	n.	haŋgá
earth	n.	gánda
eat, to	vt.	ŋá
eating	n.	ŋá
egg	n.	t-áa-fult
end	n.	bún
end	n.	míya
exhausted (battery), to be	vi.	bún
extinguish (fire, light), to	vt.	wí
eye	n.	mó
face	n.	mó
fall (rain), to	vi.	kár
fall, to	vi.	káŋ
familiar with, to be	vt.	báy
far away, to be	vi.	mór
fat (on meat)	n.	maaní
fat, to make	vt.	ṇás
father	n.	baabá
fear	n.	hambará
fear, to	vt.	hambará
feather	n.	áfraw
fiber (plant)	n.	barjí
fight, to	vi.	zóɣ
fire	n.	huurú
(fire)wood	n.	tugúdu
fish	n.	a-mánana
five	num.	ʃammúʃ
flow, to	vi.	dudú
fly, to	vi.	ṣót
foot / leg	n.	cáy
four	num.	akkóz
from	postp.	ka
fruit	n.	ízzay
fur	npl.	haab-én
game (play)	n.	hór
give, to	vt.	ná
giving	n.	ná
good	adj.	giŋ-gimán
grandmother	n.	nana béeri
grandfather	n.	baba béeri
grass (green)	n.	yél
green (grass), to be	vi.	ṭay
green solution	n.	garúura
ground	n.	gánda
guts	npl.	áadan-an
hair	npl.	haab-én
hand / arm	n.	kambá
head	n.	baŋgú
hear (news), to	vt.	mó
hear (noise), to	vi.	mó
heart	n.	wǝ́l
heat	n.	korrá
heavy, to be (T)	vi.	tíŋ
heavy, to be	vi.	yiltág
here	n.	néeda
he/she/it	ind. pron.	áŋga
hit, to	vt.	kár
hold, to	vt.	yíddǝr
hot, to be (warm)	vi.	korrá
hot, to make	vt.	korrá
how?	question phrase.	man ǝ́mmǝk aɣó ǝnda
hunt (game), to	vi.	gimár
husband	n.	aarú
I	ind. pron.	aɣay
if/when	clause initial particle	ǝnda
if (hypothetical)	conj.	ǝndár
if/when	conj.	ǝs-kábahar
important, to be	vi.	bêr
impure (religiously), to be	vi.	lés
impure (religiously), to be in	postp.	ka
jackal	n.	a-bíji
jackal	n.	intáynawt
jackal	n.	mó céena
jump (n)	n.	ṣót
jump over, to	vt.	ṣót
kill (animal), to	vt.	dumbú
kill, to	vt.	wí
killing	n.	wí
know, to	vt.	báy
laid down, to be	vi.	keení
lake	n.	a-ɣázar
land	n.	gánda
laugh, to	vi.	górgor
laughter	n.	górgor
leaf	n.	áa-la
lean, to be	vi.	yilbák
leather	n.	kuurú
leave a rest, to	vi.	cindí
leave for, to	vt.	kóy
left (side)	n.	zálgat
leg / foot	n.	cáy
length	n.	kukú
lie on side, to	vi.	yíniʃtaga
lion	n.	tárra nn ízzay
lion	n.	áa-har
live, to	vi.	yiddár
liver	n.	taaʃá
long, to be	vi.	kukú
louse (head)	n.	geení
male	n.	aarú
man	n.	aarú
measure	n.	míya
meat	n.	háamu
month	n.	a-yyár
moon	n.	a-yyár
mosquito	n.	míya kukú
mosquito	n.	t-aa-dás-t
mother	n.	naaná
mouth	n.	míya
name	n.	mân
narrow, to be	vi.	karrós
near to, to be	vi.	mán
neck	n.	jinjí
new, to be	vi.	yaynáy
nice	adj.	giŋ-gimán
night	n.	cijí
nose	npl.	t-í-nʒar
nostrils	npl.	t-í-nʒar
numerous, to be	vi.	babó
numerous, to make	vt.	babó
odor	n.	mammaní
old, to be	vi.	ʒén
old, to make	vt.	ʒén
older sibling	n.	bêr
one	n.	a-ffóoda
one	num.	fóoda
opening	n.	míya
peak (bird)	n.	míya
person	n.	borá
play (football), to	vt.	kár
play (instrument), to	vt.	kár
play, to	vi.	hór
pond (temporary)	n.	a-ɣázar
pour, to	vt.	dudú
pull something heavy, to	vt.	húbut
pull, to	vt.	yírkǝb
push something/somebody, to	vt.	yíntǝg ~ yíntaɣ
red	adj.	cidáy
red, to be	vi.	cidáy
rest	n.	cindí
right (side)	n.	áaɣil
rise (sun), to	vi.	fúr
river (Niger)	n.	a-jǝráw
road	n.	t-a-dáqat-t
root (plant)	n.	ée-caw
rope (general)	n.	karfú
rot, to make	vt.	fumbú
rotten, to be	vi.	fumbú
salt	n.	ciidí
sand	n.	t-a-záazul-t
say, to	vt.	cí
scratch, to	vt.	z-ǝ́kmǝz
scratch, to	vi.	kúkkuʒ-it
see, to	vt.	guná
seed	n.	áaḍǝm
sew, to	vt.	ṭaatab
sewing	n.	ṭaatab
sharp (knife), to be	vi.	yiwál
short, to be	vi.	gazúl
sight	n.	guná
sing, to	idiom	d(a) á-ṣṣak
sit, to	vi.	goorá
sitting	n.	goorá
skin	n.	kuurú
sky	npl.	i-ʒínn-an
sleep	n.	keení
sleep, to	vi.	keení
small size	n.	ceená
small, to be	vi.	ceená
small, to make	vt.	ceená
smell something, to	idiom	mammaní kár borá
smoke	npl.	nuun-én
smooth, to be	vi.	sǝlál
snake (general)	n.	gónʃi
snake, sp	n.	gánda ŋ karfú
sneeze, to	vi.	tínʒit
some	n.	cindí
(some)thing	n.	hé
son	n.	ízzay
spit, to	vi.	s-ǝ́ṭǝf
split (wood), to	vt.	yífṭǝk
stand up, to	idiom	káy béena
stay, to	vi.	goorá
stepfather	n.	babá fumbú
stepmother	n.	naná fumbú
stick something into, to	vt.	yírẓi
stick (wooden)	n.	bundú
stone	n.	ṭóndi
stony elevation	n.	ṭóndi
stop, to	vi.	káy
straight, to be	vi.	yáʕad
suck, to	vt.	sǝ́mǝm
sun	n.	wayní
swim, to	vi.	yíʃǝf
swollen, to be	vi.	hǝ́ḍǝdi
tail	n.	t-a-lánkaw-t
tall, to be	idiom	may kay
tall, to be	vi.	kukú
tea (leaves)	n.	áa-la
tether, to	vt.	háw
tethered, to be	vi.	háw
that (one)	dem.	(a)sénda
them	pron.	íŋgi
there	adv.	sénda
they	ind. pron.	íŋgi
thin (person/livestock), to be	vi.	yilbák
thin, to be	vi.	ʃadíd
think (that)	vi.	yordá
this	dem.	óoda
this	dem.	áyda
three	num.	kaaráḍ
throw, to	vt.	fúr
tie, to	vt.	háw
to	postp.	ka
tongue	n.	íilǝs
tooth	n.	ée-ʃan
towards locative	prep.	ǝnda
towards	postp.	kámba
trample on something, to	idiom	káy he ka
tree (general)	n.	tugúdu
true, to be	vi.	dǝ́ttǝt
turn off (radio, TV), to	vt.	wí
turn, to	vt.	yístaɣ
twine (rope), to	vt.	kár
two	num.	hiŋká
tying	n.	háw
ugly, to be	vi.	yibrár
upright, to be	vi.	káy
upright, being	n.	káy
use (money) fraudulently, to	vt.	ŋá
vomit, to	vi.	yéeri
vomiting	n.	yéeri
walk	n.	didá
walk, to	vi.	didá
want, to	v.	cí
warn (from danger), to	vt.	kár
wash, to	vt.	hímay
washed, to be	vi.	hímay
washing	n.	hímay
water	npl.	aryén
we	ind. pron.	áari
well fed, to be	vi.	ṇás
wet, to be	vi.	ṭay
wet, to make	vt.	ṭay
wetness	n.	ṭay
what is it?	interrogative phrase.	ci ná-a
when?	interrogative phrase.	c(i) agúd
where? (+action)	interrogative phrase.	mán n(e)
where? (+noun) interrogative	adv.	maaná
white	adj.	kóoray
white (color)	n.	kóoray
white, to be	vi.	kóoray
who?/what?	interrogative pron.	ci
why?	interrogative phrase.	ci ná hó be
wide, to be	vi.	yilwá
wife	n.	surgóy
wind	n.	héw
wing	n.	áfraw
wipe out, to	vt.	tús
wiped out, to be	vi.	tús
wiping out	n.	tús
with (company) comitative	prep.	ǝnda
with (instrument) (instrumental)	prep.	ǝnda
withhold something, to	idiom	káy he be
woman	n.	surgóy
year	n.	a-wátay
yellow, to be	vi.	yaráɣ
you (pl)	ind. pron.	ándi
you (sg)	ind. pron.	nín
young one	n.	ízzay

References

• Christiansen-Bolli, Regula. 2010. A Grammar of Tadaksahak: a Northern Songhay Language of Mali. Leiden.