Appendix:Word lists of Atlantic languages of Guinea

The following word lists of Atlantic languages of Guinea are from Fields (2001, 2008).

Languages

• Nalu
• Rio Nunez languages
  • Mbulungish
  • Mboteni
• Mel languages
  • Highlands branch
    • Sitemu
    • Landuma
    • Temne
  • Bullom-Kisi branch
    • Bullom
    • Kisi
• Gola

Lists

Basic vocabulary

Basic vocabulary from Edda Fields (2001):

English gloss	Nalu	Mbulungish	Mboteni	Sitemu	Landuma	Temne	Bullom	Kisi	Gola
one	d-endek	b-en	mbɔ	in, t-in	iin	d-in, ki-in	bull, nimbul, mbul	pilɛ	ba
two	b-ilɛ	di, s-ili	s-ale	mɛ-rʊŋ	ma-rʊŋ	rʊŋ	ting	diiŋ	tiel, tie, tsei
three	p-aat, pat, pwaat	t-ɛt, sitet	ndɛr	mas	ma-saas	sas	rah	yaa	tul, tal, taal
four	bii-naan, bi-na	nɛŋ, si-nɛ	na, nɛŋ	ma-ŋlɛ	ma-ŋgʊlɛ	ma-ŋle	niɔl	hiɔɔlu	tina
five				ki-camʊt	kʊ-caamʊt	ʈamat
head	n-id	kap	kap, ngap	dɔ-bomp	da-wump, da-hump	bomp	bull	bolleŋ, holla	koma
hair	m-lɛw	li	xaɸ	tya-fun	kʊ-foon	fon	idɛring	yiiŋnde	odum
nose	ɲin	pɛn	ndo, ndoŋdo	a-lolYm	ta-soth, ta-suth	a-suth, a-sot	min	miŋndo	e-mia
ear	n-nɛw	nop	nʊf	lʊŋʊs	a-lʊnʊs, a-rʊns	a-lʊns, a-lʊs	nui	nileŋ	nu
eye	n-cɛt	ʃɛt	tʃir / si-kir	dɔ-fɔr	da-fɔr	for	foll	hɔlten	e-fe
mouth	n-sol	tul	sul	ku-su	kʊ-suŋ	saŋ	ɲɛn	sondoo	o-na, ɲa
tongue	n-lem, rim	lim	lom	te-mera	da-mera	ra-mer	mulliŋ, li-mɛliŋ	diɔ-muleŋ	me-miel, o-mie, meer-o
tooth	m-fef / a-fef	tet / ʃi-tet	tʊl / sʊ-rʊl	de-sek	da-sek	sek	ɛ-chang	ciŋnde	sia
neck	n-sɔr, n-sol	wok	tʃɛx, tʃɛxʊl	ki-lim	kʊ-lim	lim	tumack	kɛsei / kɛsoŋ	gben, ke-gbe
breast	n-bin	m-bin	yala	tɛ-sɛ	da-sa	kapʈ	kith	mɛɛleŋ, mɛɛyaŋ	ya
hand	n-tɛ	tɛ	ra / a-ra saiɛ	kʊ-tya	kɔ-tsa, tsɔ-tsa	ʈa	pɛah	balaŋ	boli
nail/claw	wenyc / a-wenyc	ki-tet	tʃʊvʊl / a-ndʒʊval	a-sɛnty, a-sɛnts	a-sans, ya-sans, a-sanc	a-santʊk, a-sʊntik	sentung, sɛnthɛŋ	yɛmbɛi; kpiɔɔŋ
arm	n-te	l-tɛ	ra	kʊ-ca; id-banca	kʊ-ca; kʊ-banca	kʊ-ta	peah, pia	baa	boli
heart	yin	kum	nd-yon	t-im	m-iim	m-im	gboll	kɔllo, kɔltaŋ	ke-dzi, ke-dzil
stomach	n-lax	lola	p-pur	kur	k-or	k-or	kum, kun	demboo; pulei	o-golo
liver	ɲaɲ; papat; kamɲaak	ndoŋ	lol	tu-mbutɔktyar	m-im	m-im		yemnde
foot	n-gbank	si / ɛ-si	su / o-su	tyɛk; a-ni		k-aʈak; ni	u-beng, peng	bɛŋoo; pelel / peloŋ	kogolo, ke-guro; k-kpa
leg	tɛŋk	luŋ	su / o-su	tyʊkin, kʊ-tyɛk	ya-cʊk; a-lʊnk	laŋk	loonk	bɛŋoo; pelel / peloŋ	kogolo, ke-guro; k-kpa
knee	m-bobax / a-bobax	bɛtʃ; rap	po	dɔ-wu	da-bu, tsɔ-bu	wu	loonk / a-loonk	wuleŋ	dzendi; gendi
skin	fel; ma-kuŋ; ntɔnkot	kata	kara / xara	kata	a-reka; dis	der; reka	kar, kɔ	kɔr-o, kɔɔleŋ / kɔɛi	koro, kɔlɔ, kolo
blood	ɲ-yaak / a-yaak	yel	yɛla	me-tyir	ma-tsir, ma-cir	tsir	nkong	koowaŋ	sa, ma-sei, ma-sen
bone	n-hol	mboi	loŋ / sa-loŋ	kʊ-bɛnt	kʊ-bʊnt	bant, kʊ-bonth	pah	paa	ke-kpa
name	riiɸ	yin	yin	te-we / me-we	tayif	bonʈ; n-es	ilillɛ	diolaŋ	e-del
person	n-yin / be-ɲin	wun	wunʊ	fum	fum	fam; w-uni	no	nɔɔ; wana
man	nlam-cel	mɛsil	kʊ-tʃel	wur-kun	o-runi, o-rukuni	runi	nopolan, po pok	wanapɔnɔɔ; laŋgbaa	fela; onunkpun
woman	nlam-fay	mɔsɔ	wissi / u-gisi	vʊ-ran	o-raani	wuni bom	noma; nolakan	laandɔɔ, wanalanɔɔ	oson; niɔ
water	ngɔl / a-gɔl, ŋol	tɔ	sɔ	dɔ-mun	da-mun, m-anc	m-ant	men	mɛŋndaŋ	mai, mande, mandi
rain	n-kaak / a-kaak; n-tak	sa / isa olo	yu	vʊ-tyafʊn	tuf, tsafun; kɔm	tuf; kɔm	poor	piɔɔ	ngora; ma-gwala
cloud	a-ɲaluŋ; m-rahat	boʃ; ku-bunc	ma; f-us; wur	kibi; kam; ki-di	da-rʊnc; a-kuɸaŋ	ɔ-kuru	hvoy	halaa / halalaŋ
smoke	bɔd; mbahat; yɔhɔt	puʃ; dutʃ	sʊnʊf	k-inimɛ	k-iima	k-ima	ɛgbim	kumnde
sun	yakaf / a-yakaf	na	na	d-ety	kʊ-tʊŋ, ku-tʊnk	r-eʈ	pall	paaleŋ	goyɛ; egwee
moon	mbilaŋ	bel	pʊl	nwof	ŋ-oof	n-of	ɛ-paŋ	paŋei	o-wala
star	ma-saar; nna-huɸ; ma-bɔɔɸ	lolo	tʃangɔlɛ	k-ɔs	e-kɔs	kɔs, a-tɔs	ul-ui / ŋ-lui	lue	ke-du
night	n-tiŋkɔɔt	po	po-mban	pi-bi	cak, tsare tsak	ʈakʈak	chuln	yumdan; ɲum	dum
fire	m-mɛt, met	butʊloŋ; mbutʃ, mbut	mer	nɛnty	n-eenc	n-anʈ	dyom	yiŋnde	hwomo
ash	m-ferfer	bof	fas	ku-bof	kɔ-bɔf	r-os; ka-buf	tipil	pultaŋ
tree	n-ti / a-ti	ti, ki-ti	tili, li	kʊ-tɔk	ke-tog, kʊ-tɔɔk	n-anʈ	rum	yɔmndo	ke-kul, kulu
bark	m-kampur	ku-pul	ɛ-xʊl, aŋʊl	ku-pol	ya-pul	a-kpɔl		boo
leaf	n-teek / a-teek	ŋwaleŋ, ŋgalɛ	yombo	a-bɔpr	a-buma	bopar	pom	peeleŋ	otua
seed	m-kofok	awuɲi-calɛ	sagun-sɛla	ki-bʊl; ki-buf	a-cir	sanʈ; ka-gbʊnk		kuloo; tendei; yɛiye
sand	fiif	yec	foŋalɛ; n-ces	kɛ-sɛnts, a-sinc	ke-sents, kʊ-sʊnc	ke-sʊnt	shung	sioŋnde	ehe
root	m-bul	yaŋ	sin / sɛ-sin	ku-tyɔnty	ke-ndosonts	taŋk, a-thʊŋk	utunk, thiŋk	puundileŋ	ke-golo
mountain/hill	n-kaya	roŋ, ɔ-rɔnk	yorɛma	tɔrɔ	t-oorʊŋ	tseŋ	kick	pembei / pemboŋ	to-tol
soil	n-fɔf, n-fooɸ	boŋ; mbo	marɛ wala	a-ntɔf	a-tɔɔf	tof	lɛleh	cieŋndo; lɛŋndeŋ	edi, edil, edzil
stone	laak	gbo / tʃɔ-gbo	la	ta-sar; gbalaŋ	a-saar	sar; gbalaŋ	pay	tɛnɛi; kpoowaa; pouwo	mbalei
louse	mma-leŋ	lanka	tʃe-langa	kʊ-langa	k-ar	k-ar	ulah	siŋndo	ogbun
dog	maa-bet, ma-bet, babete	but, a-but, a-butul	wur / avʊr, avʊrʊl	a-tyen	a-cen	ʈan	tumoi	tuŋndo	osun
bird	maa-fer / baa-frɛ	keʃ / a-keʃel	dʒin-dʒo	a-bɛmp	a-bʊmp, a-bap	bamp	ɛ-vay	youwo	owe
feather	m-fil	luf	sindʒa	kʊ-rɔt / rɔt	k-upa	k-upo	idɛring	bɔlleŋ	odum
egg	n-yin	in, kin, siyin	bungun	a-mes	da-mes	da-mes	pil	pelteŋ	ke-ku
path/route		mbam	ker	doŋpo, dɔ-pɔ	d-on	a-ruŋ, r-oŋ		kɛyo
horn	n-sin	len	si	kʊ-lɛn	a-leen	a-len		leeyo	esi
tail	ma-ykaya; m-yaank	tan / a-tane	ndʊr	kʊ-liŋa	kʊ-leeŋa	leŋa	ulum	lomdeŋ	iri
meat	m-naak / a-nak	ʃiino	ŋɔ	tɛ-sɛm	a-sɛɛm	sem	ŋ-viss	wisie	dze; ofa; kpunu
fish	maa-leŋ / baa-lŋɛ	mpuŋ / o-puŋʊl	li-ɛligʊy	a-lop	a-lop	lop	ɛvou	suuwo	o-kei
milk	n-bin, m-bin	bɛni, abiniŋ	mban	ki-yɛ	m-asa	m-asa	moli	mɛɛleŋ	ya-male
white	wuɲɛ	puli	fur-lɛ	fir	ta-fera	fera	dinteh, linteh	humbu	fua
black	m-balax	bali	voi	bi	ta-bi	bi	tɛ	tiŋi	dio, die, de, dzie, dia
red	nsɛhɛ	bili	ongama; ncimʊn	mɛ-yin	ma-loli; ma-gbʊŋgi	ɔ-yim	shah	siaŋa	nwene, yiwa, yuwa
big	tibel	yaŋi	mfʊmɛni; iŋcum-ungʊn	poŋ	o-baki	bana	bomung, bomu	bɛndu, yiŋbaŋ
small	ka-tilot	poʃdeli; ku-sera	fʊɲiɲinʊdi; pɛmbɛta	tayk tehk; fɛt	o-tana	lol	pomoh	poombɔ	tolo
all	piriŋ	ʃeŋ	pɛmbɛta	ŋa		naŋ	buleing	kpa, kpou	gbi
long	m-lanna	lani, landeŋ	funʊ-ngano; vʊx; am-fua	bulu	a-mbolɛ	boli	will	wilɛi	mula, melomelo
short		woʃ	kumb				tuŋ, toon	biŋi	kpu, kpul
new	yape	wami	mʊŋ, ŋamɛ; lamɛ	pu-u	ta-fu	fu	san	sɛnɛi	bo, bowo; dzei
old	gihit	ku-puk; pu-tup	woxo; wu-xɔwu	mu-kur	ta-kur	kur		bɛndu; paandu; yuwɛi
ripe	sihap; m-sahɛ; m-ɲilha	ki-bili	nwacem; ka-cimi	pu-lulu	ta-loli	boli; loli		kala	yuwa
other	m-doŋ mɔɔ	n-ko; l-peni	a-mun	pɔ-rɔ	ma-mɔŋma; ta-curu	lom; lɔl		celeŋ
dry	kaɸɸa	mɔyi; yeca	wol; fuɲi; wɔxa-faxʊm	pu-wusu	ta-wusi, ma-osi	wosa	wɔsɛgal	bandila	wa, wea, woa
good	kɔn; laŋ	lʊm, pu-umi	w-lom	pɔ-dɔt, pɔ-tɔt	ta-tɔt	fino	keleng	kɛndɛ	sia; tebe, teve
hot	o-sabah	bɛn	sa	wunu	a-wuna	fa	took	tuu	bia; me
full	wur					la	payeh		dia
cold	ku-hon	hon	tʃila; sɔ	pe-cank	ta-caŋgi, a-ntsank	ʈaŋk	buffle	buŋnde; hueiye; ɲulu	doŋ, don; fui
this one				mpɛ; wɛ		eyi; amɛl, anɛ; yin; eɲɛ	lahna kɛ
that one	muh; dumɔ	n-koʃita; iŋkonuŋ	amel	ndendɛ; pɔkɔr; pɔrɔwɛ	ma-ŋna	amaŋ, aŋ, aŋŋʊŋ; awuŋɪ
who		wape	wʊval			kane	ngheh neh; ɲehneh	nɛɛ	bo, bol
to eat	rɛp tahan	romba	lamal	ki-di	ki-di	di; som	dyo	dio	dze, dzɛ
to drink	ŋ-dekyah	tor	solaso	ku-mum	ki-mum	mum	kull	kollɔɔ	tɛa, tia
to go	n-kɔhan	mune	tʃa		kɔ	kɔ, ko	ko	kɔ, ko; kwa, kwe	kɔ; kwɛ
to come	m-ba	batɛ	tʃalɛ	ki-dir	der	de	hun	hunɔɔ	na
to see	kɔt	pome	vʊrafo		nank	naŋk	kehkɛ	cillɔ, cɔɔ	tana
to hear	nu		fonu		i-ne	tʊl	tʊl	tuei	koma
to kill	rama, remaŋ	rame	lama	ki-dif	ki-dif	dif	dyɛɛ	dii, diyɔɔ	dziva
to sleep	ndɛwa	yine	weyandɛ		i-ndira	dira	lull	hinilaŋ	dzava, dziva, da
to burn	nɔmpaŋ	wore	faloŋ	tuin	kʊ-tɛ	toi	tʊin	lenɔɔ	die; noma
to say	yɛkaŋ; nɔmpaŋ	lamine	ŋam	ku-luku, lugu	kʊ-limber	fo	leH	dimio	wola, wol, woya
to know	mɛyaŋ	manta	fafoŋam	ki-tɛrɛ	kʊ-cara, carrago	ʈara	shɛɛ	mɛlɛŋgaa
to give	n-dea	bat	lam; inkʊla	ki-dirɛ	kʊ-yira	yer	ka kah	kioo, kuɛ, kya	kee, kii, kia
to bite	m-ŋateŋ; m-cɛɛcaŋ	ɲɛt	ɲera	id-ŋyaŋ; ku-som	ki-naŋ; kɔ-som	ŋaŋ	kill	kiolɔɔ	kɛn, kin, kene
to sit	no, nɔhaŋ	ɲo	ŋon		ki-yira	yira	chall	calle	dzae, ja, dza, dzal
to stand	m-tuwaŋ	im-puŋ	fʊ-maŋ	id-yɛfɛ	ka-yafa		poh; sem	sim	sia
to die	n-ref	ŋrip	bel	ki-fi	ki-fi	fi	woo	wuo, wi, wu	fa
to fly	yoɸ	pempilɛ; ʃolɛ	sox	falʊr	kalʊr	falir
I	be; mu, min	biyɔ, buyɔ, bɔ	ɲin		mina	mi, minɛl	yang, yah, ah; mi	ma	moa, m, ma
you	yi; ma; pirin	ne; bɔturu	ɲin	mina, muna	mɔna, mina, muna, manaŋ	munɔ	no, mɔ	ma	moa, m, ma
we	beetl biye; bit; mɔm	mini; bisi; muturu	pʊnɛ; pʊni	sɔ, sina, so	sʊnnaŋ	sa	hɛ; hin	ŋ	sem, se

Agricultural vocabulary

Rice agriculture-related vocabulary from Edda L. Fields-Black (2008) are given below.

English gloss	Mbulungish	Mboteni	Nalu	Sitem
salt	mbes	ɔ-mbɛl		mer (< Proto-Atlantic *-mer)
oil palm	yiis		m-siis / a-siis
seasonal stream	bɔlɔŋ / cubɔlɔŋ; para / cipparaŋ; ipal / appalleŋ	pɔl	m-tɛsɛ / a-tɛsɛ
small seasonal stream	masaleŋ	ilex / alexeŋ
tree used to fabricate the short fulcrum shovel and the shovel handle	ki-mal		m-silaa / a-silaa
red mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) used to fabricate the short or long fulcrum shovel	ki-kiɲc / ɛ-kiɲcil; ku-wɔl / a-wɔlleŋ	e-ma, ɛ-ma / a-ma	m-mak / a-mak	a-kinc / kinc
rice cultivated in the red mangroves	malɔ bɛ kinycilpon / cimmalɔŋ bɛ kiɲcilpon	for ɛma
white mangroves (Avicennia africana)	yɔp / ki-yɔp	e-wɛleŋ, weleŋ / awelleŋ	m-yɔɔf / a-yɔɔf	kopir / copir
rice cultivated in the white mangroves	malɔ biyɔppon / cimalɔ ciyɔppon	maafer
order given by the elder to begin fieldwork		fɔfuduŋ		kusɔkɔp
enough water in the mangrove field to begin fieldwork		asofɔilawola		dumun dɛncmɛ dukubora
order given by the elder to stop fieldwork		senden afanc		aŋkatefer
harvest ceremony (pre-Islam)		xesara lemma		kuwurɛ malɔ
order given to begin the harvest		ndebe loŋŋon		kitɛl kufɔlɔ
fulcrum shovel handle	kur capɔn / cukurkappon; ki-ti akɔp / ɛ-ti akɔp	ndii kɔp	m-kuŋgbala / a-kuŋgbala
small pieces of wood used to reinforce shovel foot when tying it to handle (could be bamboo or the stalk of the red mangrove)	wac / cuwacel	i-xare / aŋ-xare	m-ba iŋkifɔhlasen / a-ba iŋkifɔhlasen m-caanahsen / a-caanahsen	mɛ-kɪnc
shovel blade	a-fenc / e-fenccel		ma-fanc / a-fanc
sculpted blade of fulcrum shovel	kɔp nyetelpon	i-cel / aɲ-cel
to sharpen the fulcrum shovel blade	a-fenc gbat	inʊmi cel	m-namtah / a-namtah
vine used to attach shovel foot to handle	ntel / ɛteelleŋ	aɲcel	m-nintamp / a-nintamp	dɛ-tɛmpa / s-tɛmpa
to clear the red mangroves to make the large dike	ɛ-cɛp	asaɓɛn wucer akuvɔr
to burn the rice hay before the rainy season		muxalɔmppasinal		kɪcɔs yikaya malɔ
to trace the grand dike	ki-bereŋ wurtɛ	wac nxɔfɔrn
to cut the earth with the shovel to make the dike	abereŋ yɛkɛt / cibereŋ yɛkɛt	ebaxacakca
to cut weeds and separate two ridges		awul	m-sɔɔaŋ / a-sɔɔaŋ	kɪ-cɛs
to walk on the weeds to diminish their size		i-camanasen	ma-daka / a-daka	kɪ-namp
to cut the weeds on the bottom before turning soil with the shovel	iŋcɛpel mɔlɔ inpenna; a-cappa		ma-cɛsa / a-cɛsa	kɪ-cɛs yika
first turning of the weeds and soil with fulcrum shovel	bɔŋwaca; ki-cɛp / a-cappa; a-beret / ɛ-beret	afanc	m-kes / a-kes
one shovelful of earth		for	ma-bees / a-bees	damba / samba
to walk on weeds for a second time		elɛrpɛrnanasɔxɔl	m-ŋakten / a-ŋakten
to tuck weeds into the soil with hands or feet	walta	ayixil; ibaxanas (feet are used in the fields); ibaxayekel (hands are used in the nursery)		kɪ-nas anɛk
second turning of the soil to cover the weeds with fulcrum shovel	bɔŋkubut; awupur		m-wupur / a-wupur
short fulcrum shovel	ki-taŋgbaŋ / ci-taŋgbaŋŋel	aŋ-kumbɛl; faa-aŋkumbɛl (for repairing the dikes and other small jobs in the field and around the village)	ma-kumbal / a-kumbal
long fulcrum shovel (2 to 4 meters long)	kɔp kokilannɛ / ci-kɔppel kokilannɛ	ɛ-lar (for use when turning the earth for the first time)	m-kɔp lanna / a-kɔp lanna
ancestral fulcrum shovel used without metal blade		kɔp amaŋkre cel / su kɔpamaŋ i-cel
dike / mound	ki-bereŋ / ci-bereŋ	axɔɓɛrn / aŋxɔɓɛrn	ma-bɔŋɛn / a-bɔŋɛn
ridge	ɛ-nɛk / ki-nɛk	e-nɛk / a-nɛk	ma-nɛk / a-nɛɛk	a-nɛk
furrow	ku-bont / a-bontol	e-won / a-won	m-sumuunt / a-sumuunt
to sow in rows	a-sappa	suk mmao	ma-cɛɛp	kɪ-cɛp tɛcɪr
to sow in the fields	a-meŋker	mbuŋma asina
to sow by broadcasting	malɔ pɛn	mboo mmao	ma-yara	kɪ-glal ka malɔ
to sow directly in the field		afur mmao	ma-yaara
to sow directly, done tightly		axɔfɛl	m-dafeet / a-dafeet	kɪ-fɪlfɪl; kɪ-gbɛɛ malɔ
to sow directly, done tightly and then to pull up some seedlings and leave some	malɔ seŋ	mɓɛlmmalon
to sow directly, done loosely	malɔ bɛ kabatɛŋŋɛ biliŋmpon	maasɛpna	m-yolyolen / a-yolyolen
to sow on flat land	bɔkitefɛ	maaxɔfɔla
first rice nursery		tabla mbuŋŋund kamao		kɪsɪmɪ kɪɪnɪkicɔkɔ cɔkɔ
second rice nursery		mbuŋna asenden		kɪsɪmɪ kamɛrɛŋ
too much water beneath the rice nursery		asoyokokinin mmao		kiŋkankla dumun
normal cycle of the rice nursery		fam mmao		ocomas
to wash bottom of germinated rice seedlings before transplanting		abɔxɔr mmao		ki-yaak malɔ
to attach germinated rice seedlings		ɛra mmao		ku-kutus malɔ
to put the attached and germinated rice seedlings in water before transplanting		ndepman asɔla		aŋgbɛ midirɛ
to cover the seeds with banana leaves	malɔ gbopret / cimmallɔŋ gbepret	wofor mmao		kukumpus malɔ
germinated seedlings	ɛ-tiebelaŋŋa ɛcɔlcen	axɔfɛl	m-kicɛɛpa / a-kicɛɛpa	malɔ mopoŋ
seedlings that did not germinate	malɔ tɔti / cim-mallɔŋtɔti; malɔ beabuwɔcɛ	maamaŋ kulum		malɔ mɛlɛcɛ
to pull up weeds with the hands	ɔtulut	iŋkur awewen
to transplant	belaŋ ɔcɔlɛ; a-sappa	iwaaso	m-cɛɛpa	pa-cɛɛp; tøk yɔkɔ an luksɪrnɛ kɪ-bɔf mɔ
to weed after replanting		iŋkur aɓaɓɛn		kʊwas malɔ
to clean the canal to begin fieldwork		wuxucer aso		kɪfɪnc kibɔŋɛn
to open the canal	bamcaɔtɔ	imuaxurtuŋun	m-bannataŋ / a-bannataŋ	kɪ-ŋɛr
to evacuate the water when the rice is ripe		ɛbɛlaso kamato		malɔ mɔlɔl
to close the canal	wulci; ɔtɔcaŋ	caimuarumtuŋ	m-laŋŋaŋ / a-laŋŋaŋ	kɪ-ŋiri
end of the canal	bampɛtɔtipotɛ / cim-bammelpɛcitɔtipetɛ	alubana
canal used to evacuate water from field	bampetelɔtɔ / cim-bampetɔlɔtɔ	tuŋ / suruŋ	m-tisɔɔtɔ / a-tisɔɔtɔ; m-sumunt / a-sumunt	dɪk wurɛ du mun; dobo
principal drain	kubŋkum	tuŋ / suruŋ
secondary drain	mawuŋkummul	fatuŋ / fam suruŋ
to guard the rice field from predators during the hungry season	a-kecek mmel		ma-lɛɛm kabafrɛ / a-lɛɛm kabafrɛ	kɪ-bum
temporary shelter in the rice field	agbɔŋk / agbɔŋkel	iŋgaɲcaŋ	ma-gbɔɔŋk kamtɔh / a-gbɔɔŋk kamtɔh	ʊ-bal dalɛ tetek
to move to the field until the harvest		ncebel asina		siŋkɔdalɛ dikidirɛ
harvest	malɔ ɛtɛl	mɓɛr	ma-bit / a-bit	kɪ-tɛl ka malɔ
to evacuate the harvested rice to the dike so that it will not get wet		yokon mal awultɔŋ		patel dikibɔŋɛn
small handful / pile of harvested rice		ɛra mmao		malɔ kɪcaka
large pile of rice arranged with the grains on the inside		maasuŋ saŋ kappa		amboc kur
to fan rice	kɔ-fuŋŋa		m-fentah [loanword from English]	kɪ-foy
to fan rice with fanner	malɔ petel	afoi mmao		kɪ-gbap malɔ
to fan rice with wind	malɔ fuŋŋa	wuluŋ mmao		kɪ-foi malɔ
rice fanner	ki-rɛbɛ / ci-rɛbɛ	kɛbei	m-dɛhɛn	kɪ-rɛbɛ / cɪ-rɛbɛ
to mill rice	ka-tampa	icɛr	ma-maθ
to mill rice for first time	malɔ tampa	yuŋkapt mmaun		kɪ-sɛpɪr; kɪ koŋos
to mill rice for second time	malɔ bekɛbiritɛ	wuŋ ailim		anxɔ diksɛpɪt
to mill daily rations of rice with feet	malɔ ɛcɛɛk ɛsupun	sux mmao
daily ration of rice		maalɔw / maŋŋalɔ		malɔ medi
area where rice is beaten	tɛtek kubɔrton	aɓoma	ma-tana
to cover the rice after beating but before fanning it		wupurmaayɔŋŋɔn		pakis malɔ
to transport the rice to the granary		suŋ maarun		kɪsarɛ malɔ
rice granary for seeds				tɛlɛ pasansi
to dry the parboiled rice		fambɛn mmao aruful		kɪ cɛɛs
to distribute cooked rice for consumption		wal malɔn		kiyeres yɛɛc
calabash in which rice was served		isar mmao		pɛpɛ
wooden bowl in which rice was served		ifɛrl		po-ros / si-ros
rice is spoiled, because it was prepared with too much fire and smoke		mmambɛl fus		yɛɛc yɛntɛɛ
weeds used to reinforce the big mound	kɛp / ci-kɛppel	seɲɲel won	m-hoof / a-hoof
water moss	a-fuc / ku-fuccel	afuɲc	m-cufran / a-cufran	kɪ-foc kadumun
new field with no mounds or ridges		avent	m-bitik / a-bitik	kɪ-pɪr
to make new ridges	abeta / abetelaŋ
field on high ground whose soil is sandy	ɔtɔ yɛiboŋkorolɛ / ɔtɔllɔŋ yɛciboŋkoroŋ	aninannces
field lying fallow	cakara ɛnɛkicot; bɔŋ bɛ pepiyɛcilɛ / cimboŋŋel pepiyecilɛ		m-woskamtɔh atilɛbah / a-woskamtɔh watilɛbah
low-lying area	timbilɛ apol / citimbilɛŋŋel	iniyapɔŋ	m-cumbaaŋ / a-cumbaaŋ
rice husk			m-kisɛɛŋŋa / a-kisɛɛŋŋa	ʊ-fɔnta / fɔtʊ
rice seed	agba agbaleŋ	axɔfɔl mmao	m-kofok ka maro / a-kofok ka maro
threshed, unmilled rice	malɔ bipɛc / cimmalɔ ciabolɛ	maŋkul	m-maaro tabobor / a-maaro tabobor	malɔ mɔbomba
pounded rice	caaki / cicakileŋ	manduŋŋund	m-maaro ntɔɔn / a-maaro ntɔɔn	malɔ mɔsɔkɪr
rice straw	malɔ baba tampa	mamiŋ kɛlɛcɛr	m-maaro nsimaθ / a-maaro nsimaθ	malɔ mɔtɔ sɛpɪr
rice grain	caaki	maŋkul	m-maaro yaaŋka / a-maaro yaaŋka	malɔ mɛgbɪntɛ
rice broken during processing	mɛɲim / cimmɛɲim	aɲcakas	m-ɲin ka maaro / a-ɲin ka maaro
parboiled rice	malɔ yiŋŋin / cimmalɔ yiŋŋin	aruful	m-maaro nton / a-maaro nton	malɔ mocuf / talɔ pocuf
cooked rice	ɔro	mandul	m-fɛɛf / a-fɛɛf	yɛc
rice broth made with rice flour	baxa	mbɔs ammasam; alafa	m-mɔni / a-mɔni
rice broth made with rice	mɔni	mbɔs; asowasa	m-baha / a-baha
to form grain	malɔ fuŋŋa		m-yeenɲcaŋ
head of the rice plant	kapa malɔ / ciŋkapel amalɔ “literally head of rice”	kap mmao / saŋka mmao	m-ki ka mba putna / a-ki ka aba putna	do-bomp da malɔ “literally head of rice plant”
early-maturing rice variety		mabaxa	m-rɛfnaha / a-rɛfnaha	malɔ mɔkɔ mɔ nunkɛnɛ
cluster			m-tɔnsɔ / a-tɔnsɔ	kɪ-ncɔnc / ŋcɔnc
beginning of gestation		awal siŋŋapaŋŋal	m-lafkam lah / alafkam lah	malɔ mɛlɛk cor
rice in gestation period		maawul		malɔ melɛ cor
rice forming the head		maafutuŋ		malɔ kuwurus
rice plants in the same field form heads at different times		maalɔ mdafutuŋŋul		kunɔmkul malɔ
approaching the rainy season		ɛllɛ lɛpɛr		mɔlɔfɛ
rainy season	tɛmeisa	kuiyoŋ	m-tɛm kamkaak a-tɛm kamkaak	tɛm ta kɪfe
cold season	wɔɔppipepi	sɔɔ	m-hɔɔh kamcacŋah / a-hɔɔh kamcacŋah
beginning of the rainy season	tɔ-lɔfɛ	tablɛ eleɓɛr; elɛpɛr	ma-lɔɔfɛ / a-lɔɔfɛ
beginning of fieldwork	kitaŋkɛmɛc	sux mmao; ku-sɔk mmao
end of the rainy season	kayɛmin / ci-kayɛmin	elɛlɛŋ
end of the rainy season, hungry season		elɛlɛŋ; ɛlɛlaŋ	m-lank / a-lank
hungry season	tcippelɛmpep wori	laŋ	ɲin sabɔk / ɲinnɛ sabɔk
surveillance period		yilaŋxɔc		kɪmɔmɔn kɪbora
dry season	abanan / tɛmu abanan		m-hɔɔh kamθabraan / a-hɔɔh kamθabraan	kɪ-tɪŋ