Appendix:Proto-Jukunoid reconstructions

The following list of Proto-Jukunoid reconstructions is from Shimizu (1980: 312-324).

Classification

Classification of Jukunoid according to Shimizu (1980: iv):

Proto-Jukunoid

• Proto-Yukuben-Kutep: Yukuben, Kutep
• Proto-Central Jukunoid
  • Proto-Kpan-Icen: Kpan, Icen
  • Proto-Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo
    • Proto-Wurbo: Banda/Minda, Chomo, Jiru
    • Proto-Jukun-Mbembe
      • Jukun
      • Proto-Mbembe: Ashuku, Kporo

List

Gloss	Proto-Jukunoid	Proto-Yukuben-Kutep	Proto-Central Jukunoid	Proto-Kpan-Icen	Proto-Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo	Proto-Wurbo	Proto-Jukun-Mbembe	Proto-Mbembe	see also
abuse	*tug
animal, meat	*byi (i-/i-)
ant					*dan
antelope	*fu (i-/i-)
appear									see come out
arm, hand	*bu (ku-/a-)
armpit		*yàŋ (ku-/a-)	*kwâp
arrive V	*fòP
arrow	*bun (ri-/a-)
ashes	*tóŋ (u-/i-)
ask (question) V	*biP		*kat
axe	*kàt (ri-/a-)
back		*sím̀
back teeth							*bâP
bad	*baP
bag	*bàT (i-)
banana				*kwoN				*gyàN
bark	*foP (ku-/a-); *kòK (u-/a-)
basket							*dwá
bat			*ŋùm
bathe, swim V			*vwog
beans	*tìK (ri-/a-)
bear (child)									see give birth
beard							*suT
beat V	*gu						*daP
bed		*taŋ (ku-/a-)					*kutu
bee	*ngyuT (ki-/i-)				*daN
beer							*kin
beg V			*buK
begin V				*yu
belly			*pu			*di			see stomach, guts
bend V			*ŋà
beniseed	*sìm (i-/a-)
big	*kò	*kyòm	*kòn-a
bind V, bundle			*tìT
bird		*nùn (ki-/i-)	*nin
bite V	*dwàm
bitter	*nùn		*dzòn
bitter tomato									see garden egg
black	*byed						*pèT
black ant		*tùm (ki-/i-)
blacksmithing	*fwaŋ (ku-/a-)
blood	*yíŋ (ma-)				*sà
blow (with mouth) V	*ta		*vuN-a
body				*gî	*dìt
bone	*kup (ku-/a-)			*fu
borrowing, lending							*ton
bow	*ta (ku-/a-)
branch (of tree)	*saŋ (ki-/a-)
breast	*byan (ki-/a-)
breath, life	*nyaŋ (u-/i-)
breathe V; breath life			*ŋùm
bridge; platform			*tò
buffalo		*yaK (i-/i-)	*gît
build (house) V			*mwi	*ta				*po
burn	*ton-a						* vòN
bury	*ndìP
bush									see forest
buy V	*gyaP		*kwun-a
call V							*bwaT
canoe		*yaT (ku-/a-)			*kòt
carry V	*tom-a; *yab
carve V	*kwaP
catch V			*fo					*kpoN
chameleon		*taŋ
cheek	*koT (ku-/a-)
chest	*koK
chief	*kùt (u-/ba-)
child			*ŋu		*su
children	*gyin
chin, jaw	*ndaK (u-/i-)
choose V	*tswáP
clay, mud	*mbi
clean			*kyè
climb V	*twù						*nin
close			*tù
cloud, rain			*fwin						see rain
coal	*kán
cold									see damp and cold
colour			*tsu
comb V; comb	*siP-a
come V	*ba
come out, go out, appear V	*du
cook by boiling V	*tù
corpse	*kom (ri-/a-)
cotton, thread							*fim
cough V; coughing	*kun (?); *kun (u-/i-)
count V	*kwè̩n
country, land	*ten (u-)
cover V	*bùT
cow	*ndaK (ki-/i-)
co-wife			*pu
cowry shell							*ba
crab	*kaŋ (ki-/i-)
crocodile	*kwúT (i-/i-)		*gi
cure (sickness) V			*dàb
cut V	*geT
damp and cold			*tag
dancing									see play V
darkness, night	*pup (ki-/a-)
dash									see give
dawn V			*kyà
day									see sun
debt	*kwaP (ri-/a-)
deep	*dùŋ
defecate V	*ŋgàn
descend V	*si		*dzo
dew	*min (ri-/a-)
die V	*kwu
different	*kuŋ
dig (a hole) V	*kàp		*fù
dirt	*dip (a-)
dirt (of body)			*dyíǹ
disease							*da
divide V	*kap				*gàb
do V	*bu
dog	*bu (i-/i-)
doorway			*kíǹ
dove, pigeon			*ba
draw (line) V				*to
dream V			*kà
dream	*dat (ku-/a-)
drink V		*ŋgwam	*vwa
drive (away) V			*nyad; *dùN				*kaN
drizzle			*fá
dry up V, dry	*ghwam
dust			*but						see sahd
ear	*tóŋ (ku-/a-)
eat V	*dyi
egg	*kyì (ri-/a-)
elbow								*fun
elder sister			*màa
elephant	*ndìT (i-/i-)
elephant grass			*feN				*siN
enter V	*kàT
entrance porch	*suN+kpà
evening			*dwo
extinguish V	*dim
eye	*giP (ri-/a-)
faeces	*byíŋ (a-)						*nyi
fall V	*kò
fall (of rain) V	*twa
fall (sick)									see sick
far	*dwan
farm	*kùŋ				*dat
farm, work V	*tom
father			*ta
father (1st, 2nd, pers. sg.)					*dàT
fear V	*kyéŋ
fear							*zin
feed (livestock) V			*pyu
fence mat	*kàŋ (ku-/a-)
fight (war), war							*nu
fill, full V	*mòn
fire		*da (u-/i-)	*pìt
fish	*gyá (ki-/i-)
five	*ton (i-)
flay V	*fwaŋ
flints	*kò (ri-/a-)
flour	*mbuK
fly	*kyíŋ̀ (ki-/i-)
fly V									see jump
foam	*fón (ku-/a-)
fold V			*bwèN
folktale							*sùn
follow V			*bàg; *du						see drive (away)
forge (metal) V			*dag				*ŋgyò
forest	*gyu (ki-/a-); *PCJ *kwáǹ
forget V	*mbòm
four	*ndin (i-/-a)
fowl	*kúǹ (i-/i-, ki-/i-)		*fúǹ
friend			*dwò/dyi
frog	*saŋ (ki-/i-)		*bùN
front			*pìn				*dzùn
fry V	*kán
full							*fu		see fill
garden egg, bitter tomato			*fya
gather V	*kun; *fùn
get V			*ben
give V	*na	*ndà			*ya, *yi
give, dash V			*dwe
give birth V	*mbàt
goat			*bín
go V					*yāg̀
go (away) V	*dò
go down									see descend
go out									see come out
good	*sìP				*saŋ			*kyo	see sweet
grass		*dúm (ki -/i-)	*bín
grass hut			*pwu
grate V				*teN
grind V	*kwa
grinding stone			*kun					*gi
groundnut	*pyi (ri-/a-)
guest; journey	*kìn (u-/ba-)
Guinea corn			*kúǹ	*fwam					see millet
guineafowl	*kit (i-/i-)
guts, stomach, belly	*mbiT (ri-/a-)
hair	*dzin (u-/i-)
half			*kyiT
hand									see arm
hare, rabbit			*dwam
harmattan	*gya (ki-/a-)
hatch V			*kyaN
hate V; hatred	*zéP
head	*ki (ri-/a-)
hear V	*pwog
heart		*tuP (u-/i-)	*kíǹ
heat up V, hot	*pog		*fwàN
heavy	*dob-à
help (N ?)			*dza
help V					*daŋ
hide V	*tàm
hill, mountain	*muT
hippopotamus	*yèm (i-/i-)		*dùm
hoe V
hoe	*du (i-)						*nàm
hole in ground	*wa (u-/i-)		*kiT				*nà
horn			*pyit
horse				*nyò				*vun
horsetail	*tùm (u-/i-)
hot		*byaK							see heat up
hot (of taste)			*nòm
house	*tam (ki-/a-)				*duŋ
how			*ne
how many			*pún
hunger			*mbud
hyena	*tàT+mìn (i-/i-)					*dum
in-law	*giP (u-/ba-)
iron			*kín				*ví
island			*tsù				*tán
jaw									see chin
journey									see guest
jump, fly V	*vwun; *pen
junior sibling			*kìndâ
kidney			*fi
kill V	*bwag		*gwaŋ
kneel down V	*kú
knife	*kún (ri-/a-)						*kàN
know V			*yi
land									see country
laugh V; laughter	*swàŋ				*vyen
laughter	*kyeŋ (i-)
lay (egg) V	*ta
leaf		*tin (ku-/a-)	*gi
learn, teach V	*kun (?)
left (hand side)	*fuT (i-)
leg	*pwàn (ku-/a-)						*tyuT
lending							*baT		see borrowing
leopard	*kù (?) (i-/i-)
lick V			*diN
lie down V	*na						*ŋgyò		see kneel down
lie	*kàm
life									see breathe, breath
line			*sun
lion	*tùmú (i-/i-)
lizard
long		*koK (ri-/a-)	*bwòN; *guŋ
look for V								*ka
louse			*pìT
lung					*fok
mad			*ki-u, ki-a
maize					*kìm ~ kùm
male	*dúm̀ (u-/ba-)
many								*fa
market	*tuk
marry V; marriage	*bàn
mashed food	*daŋ (ki-/a-)
mat	*kyu (ku-/a-)						*kiT
matchet			*tswì
measure V	*mbwàg
meat									see animal
menstruate V			*da
message									see send
millet	*gip (ri-/a-)		*za						see guinea-corn
mix V	*nu
money									see iron, cowry shell
monitor lizard	*baK (ki-/i-)
monkey			*kaN		*zùŋ			*mo+fyìN/mā+fyiN
moon, month	*pyáǹ (u-/i-)
morning, dawn			*pun
mortar			*tu
mosquito	*mun (i-/i-); *ŋu
mother	*nan (u-/ba-); *ya (u-/ba-)				*zà
mother's brother	*kyí (u-/ba-)
mould, build V	*mbya
mountain	*kùn (ri-/a-)								see hill
mouth	*ndut (u-/i-)
mud				*bwàN			*dzwaT		see clay
nail V	*kem
nail	*kin (ki-/a-)
name	*gyin (ri-/a-)
nape					*kùn
narrow	*pa
navel	*kóm (u-/i-)
neck	*tu (ki-/a-, u-/i-)
net (fish)
new	*pi						*dzúK
night	*tuK								see darkness
nose	*wíǹ (ri-/a-)
oil			*bìT
oil palm tree								*gí
okra			*dúŋ			*kùt
one	*yiŋ; *ndo (i-)
open V			*pòd
outside				*gi
paper, book			*fwa
parrot	*naŋ (ki-/i-)
pawpaw			*gwè
pay V	*kwat
penis	*twín (ku-/a-)		*vyit					*búN
person	*ŋgiT (u-/ba-)
pierce V			*pu
pig	*dzùK (ki-/i-); *fu (i-/i-)
pigeon									see dove
place			*biT
plait									see weave; 'see sew, plait (rope)
plant (in hole) V	*twò
plaster (house) V	*fyèp
platform									see bridge
play draughts V; draughts	*dàK; *dàK (u-/i-)
play V; dancing	*gyaK
pot			*ko
pound V	*kim
pour V			*fwa
poverty	*ken (ri-/a-)
praise V				*tyo
pull V	*vuT
pull out V					*ŋwà
purse									see drive (away)
push V	*tut
quiver			*gwèp				*te
rabbit									see hare
rain			*tù						see cloud, drizzle, water
rain, cloud
rainy season	*fàm (u-)	*byin
rat			*pyi
read									see write
red	*ban						*gbàN	*kpù
reed buck					*pùn
refuse V				*se		*tet	*ŋòŋ
remember V			*kyeP
resemble V	*du
ring					*tat
ripe	*byeŋ
rise up V	*nyin
river			*nuŋ
road, way					*tyo
roast V	*fwaP				*ŋù		*pin		see fry
roll up V	*fuT
room									see house
root	kwàP (u-/i-)		*dén
rope	*diT, *diK (u-/i-)
rotten	*fyàn
round	*kòb		*ŋà
row V	*nyè
rubbish heap			*díT
run V	*tèt
running	*ŋa (u-/i-)
rusty (to become)			*da gì
saliva					*kyáŋ
salt	*ŋwa		*ban
sand
sand, dust	*búŋ̀ (u-/i-)	*sa (i-/a-)
say V			*duŋ-a					*dzà
scorpion	*naǹ (ki-/i-)					*did		*tàNpó
scratch (body) V	*koŋ-a
scratch (ground) V			*tyàN
see V	*sá		*di
seed	*tu (ri-/a-)						*vwè
seize V	*pye
send V; message	*tom; *tom (a-)
set (trap) V	*tot-a
sew V	*kòP-a		*sĩ
sew, weave V	*dzun
sew, plait (rope) V
shadow	*vwúǹ (u-/a-)						*dan
sharp (of knife)	*dyi
shave V			*ŋwi-a
sheath			*pi
sheep	*tam (i-/i -)		*dùŋ
shield
shine V, light			*fwaN				*ka
shoe			*tak
shoot									see throw
short	*kùm							*tèN
shoulder	*fwà (ku-/a-)							*soT
show V, teach	*twàg
sick (to fall, be)
sickle			*zàN				*da
side			*ŋye
side (of body)	*kwan (ku-/a-)		*gò
sing V			*tò
sit V			*tyi			*bi
sky	*kwa
skin	*kwa (ki-/a-)
slave	*pyí (u-/ba-)				*fa; *ŋyàm
sleep V	*da
small	*fyiN				*diN			*ba
smell (scent) V					*vot
smell; stink	*kùŋ (?) (ku-/a-)
smoke		*kyáŋ̀ (ma-)		*fu
snail			*tín; *ká				*vin
snake	*gu (?)			*búN
sneeze V		*ye	*dzo				*ŋú
sneezing			*ŋyè
soft	*nam
song	*bom (ku-/a-); *dzuN						*taK
sore			*kwaN
soup			*fiT; *bìT
sour			*gwáN; *ŋa
sow V	*tà		*nyu
spear	*ti (u-/i-)		*bùN					*faT
spider			*ta
spin V			*ta				*fu
split V	*taŋ; *tuP; *kìP-a
spoon	*piT (ki-/a-)
spread in sun to dry V	*pen
squeeze V, wring	*kam
squirrel	*taK
stab V	*tòT		*wa
stalk	*kùŋ (ku-/a-)
stand, stop	*ti
stand up V	*ku
star			*tuT
steal V	*gyíP
stink V	*nuŋ								see smell
stomach									see guts, belly
stone	*twom (ku-/a-)
stone, boulder
stop							*peN		see stand, stop
story									see word
stretch V, straight	*ndaP
sun		*suT (u-/i-)	*dúm̀
surpass V					*kaP
swallow V	*mèn
swear V	*faŋ
sweat	*tsàm (a-)
sweep V			*gyò
sweet		*nyaŋ		*twa		*maŋ	*vya
swell V			*fùN; *ndi
swim									see bathe
tail	*kín (u-/i-)
take V	*mbu-e
tapeworm			*tsuN
tasty
teach							*dòT		see learn, show
tear V			*ŋga
tell V						*tsẽ
tell (a tale) V	*ta
ten					*dub
termite	*biT (i-/i-); *byaŋ (i-/i-)		*tàn
testicles	*pin (u-/i-, ri-/a-)
thin	*nyìŋ
thing
thing, word	*kiŋa						*bi
think V	*taŋ; *kaP
thirst	*ŋgyuT (u-)
thorn				*vyí
thread							*tsú		see cotton
three	*tat (i-)
throw; shoot V	*tat
thunder
tired (to get) V		*mam (ri-/a-)	*nì					*vyoN
toad									see frog
today
tooth	*baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-)						*dyín-á
tongue	*déma (ri-/a-)
touch V			*gò			*bat		*dù
tree	*kun (ku-/i-)
tribe	*tu (u-/ba-)
try V					*ŋgaT
tsetse fly			*fù
twist V			*pìN	*fya
two	*paŋ̀ (i-)				*pin
turn round V
truth	*byan (ku-/a-)						*kàm
urinate V, urine			*pu
vagina	*mbúT (ri-/a-)			*ní	*suT
voice, call, speech	*da (u-/i-)
vomit V	*kwà
vulture	*ndò (i-/i-)				*fi
wake up V	*fen
walk V; walking	*kyàŋ
wall (of town)	*kà (u-)
wall (of house)	*kwèT (ku-/a-)
want V					*dog
war	*káǹ (ri-/a-)					*gwet			see fight (war)
wash, clean V
water	*mbyed				*dzùm		*tu
way									see road
weave V	*ndwòp		*dwòK						see sew, weave
weave, plait V					*kop
weep V
well (to be)							*syàŋ
white	*ten				*mbùK		*to
wife	*gúà (u-/ba-)
wind					*vwò
witch
woman	*ndá (u-/ba-)				*nguT+vwâ		*kà
word									see thing
word, story
work							*zíT		see farm V
worm			*mbu
worship V			*kwaN
wound			*fó
wring									see squeeze
write, read V	*bat
yam	*kít (i-, u-)
yam heap	*mun (ku-/a-)
yawn V; yawning	*yam						*mbuT
year	*gi (u-/i-)
yesterday	*dindàŋ (i-/a-)
zinc plate			*tán+sa

References

• Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.