Appendix:Proto-Masa reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Masa reconstructions is from Shryock (1997).
List
[edit]| No. | Gloss | Proto-Masa |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | to accompany | *tin |
| 2. | antelope | *zar |
| 3. | ashes | *but |
| 4. | to ask | *j-p |
| 5. | arm, hand | *ɓa |
| 6. | to awake | *ɮ- |
| 7. | bark, peal | *b-l-k |
| 8. | bat | *babay |
| 9. | bean | *ɾit |
| 10. | bee, honey | *y-m |
| 11. | beer | *sum |
| 12. | to belch | *giɬ |
| 13. | to bite | *et |
| 14. | black | *wura |
| 15. | blacksmith, hammer | *caf |
| 16. | blow | *fo |
| 17. | blood | *vuzur |
| 18. | body | *tu |
| 19. | to boil | *zaɾ |
| 20. | bone | *sok |
| 21. | brain | *toʔon |
| 22. | to break | *k-s |
| 23. | breast | *po |
| 24. | to breathe | *m-s-k |
| 25. | broom | *samat |
| 26. | to carve | *cet |
| 27. | charcoal | *v-n |
| 28. | chin | *d-m |
| 29. | co-wife | *h-n |
| 30. | cold | *hep |
| 31. | to come | *mb- |
| 32. | to cough | *oɬ |
| 33. | crocodile | *hurum |
| 34. | to cultivate | *zum |
| 35. | to dance | *ndur |
| 36. | darkness | *nduvun |
| 37. | death, funeral | *mat |
| 38. | dew | *mb-ɗ- |
| 39. | to die | *m-t |
| 40. | to displace | *j-k |
| 41. | to do | *ri (See‘time’,‘place’) |
| 42. | dog | *d- |
| 43. | to drink | *ci |
| 44. | ear | *hum |
| 45. | to eat | *ti |
| 46. | to eat meat | *k-m |
| 47. | egg | *se |
| 48. | to enter | *kal |
| 49. | excrement | *sot |
| 50. | to extract | *pat |
| 51. | eye | *ir |
| 52. | to fall | *nd- |
| 53. | father | *b- |
| 54. | feather | *ɮ-m |
| 55. | field | *sine |
| 56. | field rat | *njuk |
| 57. | fig tree | *tuɾum |
| 58. | fire | *ku |
| 59. | fish | *k-ɾf- |
| 60. | five | *vaɬ |
| 61. | flour | *fut |
| 62. | flute | *d-f |
| 63. | fly | *raw |
| 64. | foot, leg | *sem |
| 65. | to forge | *ɮi |
| 66. | fork, forked stick | *garak |
| 67. | four | *fiɗi |
| 68. | front | *v-k |
| 69. | to fry | *haw |
| 70. | girl | *way |
| 71. | to give birth | *vut |
| 72. | to go | *t- |
| 73. | goat | *hu |
| 74. | granary | *z-ŋ |
| 75. | grass | *-s- |
| 76. | grave | *us |
| 77. | to grill | *war |
| 78. | hair | *ŋgusa |
| 79. | hare | *v-t |
| 80. | harmattan | *kut |
| 81. | to hatch | *eɬ |
| 82. | to hear, understand | *hum |
| 83. | heart | *g-l-s |
| 84. | hedgehog | *cem |
| 85. | to help | *njin |
| 86. | to hit | *p-m |
| 87. | to hit, kill | *ci |
| 88. | hole | *z-ɾ |
| 89. | horn | *mek |
| 90. | hunger | *me |
| 91. | hunt | *ɾam |
| 92. | hut, compound | *z- |
| 93. | intestines | *r-w-t |
| 94. | knee | *gif |
| 95. | to know, see | *wi |
| 96. | land, uninhabited and uncultivated | *fuɾ |
| 97. | larynx, voice | *hor |
| 98. | leaf, foliage | *ɬab |
| 99. | to leave, forbid | *hin |
| 100. | left | *guɾ |
| 101. | to lift | *ɬi |
| 102. | liver | *duk |
| 103. | to lose, disappear | *viɗ |
| 104. | mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) | *g-m |
| 105. | man, husband | *nj-f |
| 106. | mat | *ɮat |
| 107. | to mature | *ceŋ |
| 108. | meat, flesh | *ɬiw |
| 109. | melon | *b- |
| 110. | milk | *mbir |
| 111. | to mix | *ɬum |
| 112. | monkey | *vir |
| 113. | moon | *tiɾ |
| 114. | mortar | *zu |
| 115. | mouth | *vun |
| 116. | mud, clay | *ɾubu |
| 117. | mud | *dorɓo |
| 118. | mushroom | *bik |
| 119. | name | *sem |
| 120. | navel | *fuk |
| 121. | nose | *cin |
| 122. | to obtain | *fi |
| 123. | to offer a sacrifice | *ɓi vun |
| 124. | oil, grease, fat | *mbuɾ |
| 125. | okra | *ɮoɾ- |
| 126. | penis | *ɗiw |
| 127. | people | *su |
| 128. | person | *s- |
| 129. | place | *ɾi |
| 130. | placenta | *tuʔom |
| 131. | to play | *ɾiu |
| 132. | pus | *ɾ-- |
| 133. | to put | *tin |
| 134. | to rain | *si |
| 135. | rainy season | *ndoɾ |
| 136. | to receive | *fi |
| 137. | to recline | *b-r |
| 138. | red | *ɬew |
| 139. | to return | *hom |
| 140. | rhinoceros | *gay |
| 141. | to ripen | *ne |
| 142. | road, path | *vot |
| 143. | to roast | *cuf |
| 144. | rooster | *golok |
| 145. | root | *s-r |
| 146. | rope | *zew |
| 147. | roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) | *ɮembe |
| 148. | saliva | *ne |
| 149. | salt | *vu |
| 150. | sand | *ŋeɬ |
| 151. | sauce | *mbaɾ |
| 152. | to scratch | *hurok |
| 153. | seed | *ir |
| 154. | to send | *s-n |
| 155. | seven | *siɗa |
| 156. | to shake | *gasak |
| 157. | sheep | *time |
| 158. | to shine, flash | *wile |
| 159. | shoulder, upper arm | *bike |
| 160. | side, rib | *hay |
| 161. | six | *kargi |
| 162. | sleep | *sen |
| 163. | small | *g- |
| 164. | spear | *sap |
| 165. | spirit | *ful |
| 166. | spirit, shadow | *ŋg-s |
| 167. | to squeeze | *em |
| 168. | to stand up | *coɾ |
| 169. | star | *ciw |
| 170. | to steal | *kuɾ |
| 171. | stone | *goy |
| 172. | story | *nd-n |
| 173. | to strike | *p-m |
| 174. | to suck | *sop |
| 175. | sun | *fat |
| 176. | sweat | *z-mb-ɾ |
| 177. | to swim | *lus |
| 178. | tail | *c-- |
| 179. | to take out | *pat |
| 180. | tamarind | *cin |
| 181. | ten | *gup |
| 182. | three | *hindi |
| 183. | throat, voice | *deɾ |
| 184. | to throw | *g- |
| 185. | throwing knife | *b-ɾ |
| 186. | time | *ɾi |
| 187. | tongue | *si |
| 188. | tooth | *s- |
| 189. | tree, wood | *gu |
| 190. | urine | *jumbur |
| 191. | to vomit | *vin |
| 192. | vulture | *bak |
| 193. | warthog | *z-ŋ |
| 194. | to wash | *mbus |
| 195. | to wash grain | *sal |
| 196. | wasp | *viŋ |
| 197. | to watch | *gol |
| 198. | water | *mb- |
| 199. | what | *mi |
| 200. | to whistle | *f-t |
| 201. | wind | *simbet |
| 202. | wound, sore | *mbiɾ |
| 203. | year | *kim |
| 204. | yesterday | *k-mb- |
References
[edit]- Shryock, Aaron. 1997. The classification of the Masa group of languages. Studies in African Linguistics 26(1): 29‒62.