Appendix:Proto-Katloid reconstructions

The following list of Proto-Katloid reconstructions is from Dimmendaal (2019).

Phonology

Reconstructed phonemes for Proto-Katloid:

Consonants

*p	*t̪	*t	*c	*k	*kw
*b	(*d̪)	*d	*j	*g	*gw
*mb		*nd	*ɲj?	*ŋg
*m		*n	*ɲ	*ŋ
		*l				*h
		*r
		*ɽ
			*y		*w

Vowels ([-ATR] / [+ATR])

• *ɪ / *i
• *ʊ / *u
• *ɛ / *e
• *ɔ / *o
• *a / *ʌ

Pronouns

Independent pronouns

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
1SG	*ɲɔŋ	ɲà(ŋ)	ɲoŋ	kɨ́dʌ̀, ʊ̀ŋʊ̀nɔ́wá
2SG	*ŋàŋ	ŋà(ŋ)	ŋaŋ	ŋààŋ
3SG	*ŋùŋ	ŋùŋ	ŋuŋ	pɨ́nʌ̀, *ŋùùŋ
1PL.EXCL	*nen	nèn	nen	ìnììn
1PL.INCL	*ŋɛd̪	nèt	ŋet	ɪ̀nɛ̀ɛ̀y
2PL	*nɔn	nòn	non	ɪ̀nààn
3PL	*ŋìŋ	ŋìŋ	ŋiŋ	ìhìnʌ́, *ŋììŋ

Object enclitics

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
1SG	*=ɲɔŋ	ɲà(ŋ)	-nyo(ŋ)	=da/=dɔ,=dʌ̀
2SG	*=ŋàŋ	ŋà(ŋ), ŋò(ŋ	-ŋa(ŋ)	=ŋaŋ
3SG	?	ŋùŋ	-ŋu(ŋ)
1PL.EXCL	*=nen	nèn	-nen	=nin
1PL.INCL	*=ŋɛ̀d̪	nèt	-ŋet	=nɛy
2PL	*=nɔn	nòn	-non	=nan
3PL	?	ŋìŋ

Subject prefixes

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
1SG	*ɲɔ-	ɲa-, ɲo-	ɲà-	N-
2SG	*ŋa-	ŋà-	ŋà-	a-
3SG	?	Ø-	Ø-	Ø-
1PL.EXCL	*ne-?	nè-, ndè-	ɪ-, i-
1PL.INCL	*i-	ì-	ì-	ɪ-, i-
2PL	*na-	nà-	nà-	na-, nʌ-
3PL	?	nɪ-, ni-	ì-	Ø-

Affixes

Singular noun class prefixes

Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
*kU- (underspecified for ATR)	k-	k-	kV-, k-
*g-	g-	g-
*gw-	gb-	gb-
*p-	?	?	p- (incorporated)
*t-	?	?	t- (incorporated)
*c-	(incorporated)	(incorporated)	c-
*m-	(incorporated)	m-	(incorporated)
*bU- (underspecified for ATR)	ba-	ba-	bV-
*dV-	(d-)	d-	dV-
*lV-	la-	la-	lV-

Plural noun class prefixes

Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
*ɪ-/*i-, *y-	ɪ-/i-, V-	ɪ-/i-, Ø	ɪ-/i-, y-
*a-	a-	a-	(incorporated)

Agreement markers (demonstrative)

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
singular	*gɪ-/*gi-	g-	nggi	c-
plural	?	a-	ii	ɪ-, i-

Agreement markers (pronominal possessive)

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
singular	?	gɪ-/gi-	ɉ-, nɉV-k-	l-
plural	?	ɪ-/i-	i-k-

Agreement markers (adjective)

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
singular	*gɪ-/*gi-	gɪ-/gi-, (g)al-	ga-	kV-
plural	*ɪ-/*i-	ɪ-/i-	Ø-	ɪ-/i-

Agreement markers (numeral)

	Proto-Katloid	Katla	Julut	Tima
singular	*gɪ-/*gi-	gɪ-/gi-	?	kɪ-/ki-
plural	?	?	?	ɪ-, i-

Lexicon

Gloss	Proto-Katloid	Julut	Katla	Tima
arrive	*-(c-)akɔ	-ako		-(c)ɔɔ
ashes	*-ʊlɔk	wolak	g-ʊlak	-lɔk
ask	*-hɪgan-	a-gan-a	-a-gana	-hɪyan-a
bark (dry), hide	*kwah		-kpo	kwaah
bat	*-babɔk	-bɔbɔk		-babɔk
bathe	*-mbak		-kambak	-maak
bite	*-lʊm	-a-lm	-a-lam-	-lɘm
black	*-tuɲ	a-thuny	-tuɲ	-tun
blood	*i-ju(u)	ijü	iju	i-duu
blow nose	*-ŋgɪr		-ngɪr	-ŋɨr-tʌ
body	*g-ijo	kijö	gijo	c-idʌ
breast	*mVndi	minji	-monji	–mindi
bull	*-mbul		mbul	-muul
buy	*-ogil		-ogil	-eel
call, address	*-t̪an-	tono	-t̪ana	-t̪an
call, alert	*-ɽɔrɔ		-ɽɔrɔ ‘alert’	ʌɽuuruk ‘shouting’
charcoal	*-liŋkilʌŋ	linggiling	-lingilʌŋ	-liŋkiliŋ
chop, cut	*-tɛ		-tɛ	-tɛtɛ
clean, clear	*-dɪl		-dɪl	-dɪʔɪl
climb	*-dVŋ-	-dhinge	-daŋɛ	-dɪŋ
close	*-rɛh		-rɛɛ	-rɨh
collect, gather	*-cVm-	-cam-	camɛ	- cɪm
cook porridge	*-kwaka-	-kaka(k)		-kwɔyɔ(ɔk)
count	*-(k-)alʊ		-kʌlo	-alʊ
cover	*-dɪm		-dɪmt̪aŋ	-dɪm
dance (v.)	*-a-gɔ	-ago	-agʊ	-yɔɔ
destroy	*-cakal	-cakal ‘undo, take apart’		-akal
diarrhoea	*-aajʊ		-ɔɔjɔ	-aadʊ
die	*-bul-	-bul-	-bulʌk-	-bul-
dig (holes for planting)	*-a-bʊ	äbät	-abʊ	-abʊ, -ʌbu
dog	*g-uu	gʊ	g-uu	k-uu
dried meat	*dɛdɛ	dhedhe	dɛdɛɛ	-dɛdɛ
drink	*-mbɔk-	-bok-	-a-bʊk-	-mɔ-(ɔk)
dry season	*-wɔrac		ɔrac	-waarɘh
eat	*-ʌ-lV-	-ol	-olʌk-	-ʌlV-
ear	*-ɔnɔ	gunuk	-ʊnʊ	-ɔnɔ
earth	*-hɪ	ii	-ɪɪ	-hɪ
elephant	*-mɔmaɲ	mamany	mɔmaɲ	-mʌmɨn
excrement	*gɪ-ŋɪ	ngi	gɪŋɪ	ci-ŋi
eye	*g-ɪgɛd̪	kigit	gigʌt̪	c-ɪɪ(d̪)
eyebrow	*g-ilʌlid̪		gilʌl	ki-lilii
far	*-hara		-ʌrʌ	-hara
feather, leaf	*g-abal	raba	g-abal ‘fur, body hair’	-kabɘl
fetch, take	*-man		-manɪ	-mɘn
fill	*-t̪Vb-		-t̪aba-k	-t̪ib-
find, meet with	*-mʌn-		mʌni	-umun-
fire	*-ŋɪ	gingi	gɪɲɪ	-ŋɪ
fish	*-mɔŋ	gumung	-umuŋ	-mɔŋ
follow, pursue	*-lɔl-	-lolo	-lɔlɔ	-lala
forge (iron)	*-a-bal-	-abal	-abal	-bɘl
forget, lose	*-bɔkal	a-bokal	-bakal	-bɔɔl
friend	*-bɔŋ	bobong	bɔɔŋ	-bʌʌŋ
frog, toad	*-ŋgɔk		kɪŋgɔk	-ŋɔɔk
giraffe	*-hu		K.-uku	–hu
give	*-a-hɪ-		-ɔɔ-	-ahɪ-
go (with)	*-ay-	-aj-	-ɛɛŋ ‘go with/carry’	ay-
grind	*-ʌni	oni	-oni	-eeni
grinding stone	*gɪ-t̪ɪ	geti	g-ɪt̪ɪ	kɪ-t̪ɪ
gum arabic	*mbarac		mbʌɾʌc	mɘɽah mɘɽah ‘sticky like gum’
hair	*g-agam	kagam	gagam	k-aam
hare	*rɛd̪	rethet	rɛt̪ɛt̪	K. -rɛy
head	*g-ac	gaj	gac	k-aah
hedgehog	*-ɲahʊɲa(k)	nyoknyok	-ɲɔɲɔ	-ɲahʊɲa
hold (also ‘marry’)	*-kʊdʊ-	-kodho	-kadʊ	-kʊdʊ-
horse	*mbərtaka		mbərtaka	-mɘrtaa
hot	*-dʊl		dʊl	-dʊʔal
hunt	*(k)-otuk		-kotukK. -ʌtuk-
insult	*-mʌn		o-mʌn	–mun
know	*-a-hɪ	-a-y-		-hɪ-
ladle, spoon	*gwɔnɔk	gbanak	gbʌnʌk ‘cooking stick’	kwɔnɔ (sporadic loss of *k) ‘quirl’
land	*-hɪ	ii	-ɪɪ	-hɪ
laugh	*-dɪyaŋ	janga	-jaŋa	-dɪyana
lie down	*-ʌt̪-	-ö-ti-	-ot̪i	-ʌt̪-
lift	*-a-wʊt		ɔɔtɪ	-wʊt-
live, reside, stay	*-hɪl(-ak)	-olʌk		-hɘl-ak
lizard	*-lɔlɔh		lɔlɔ	-lalah
look	*-ŋah	ngo	-ŋoo	-ŋah
lose, get lost	*-bɔkal	-bokal	-bakal	-bɔɔl ‘lost, dead’
lung	*-wut̪wut̪		ut̪ut̪	pʌt̪pʌt̪
make, form	*-aw-a		-awa	-aw-a
marry (also ‘hold’)	*-kʊdʊ-	-kodo	-kadʊ	-kʊdʊ-
meat (muscle)	*g-aɓac	kabaj	g-abac	k-ábʊ̀h
milk (n.)	*-hɪ(a?)	ä	ɪa	-hɪ
milk (v.)	*(a)-ɪh-	-a	-aa	-ɪh-
mouth	*-ŋɛŋ	ngeng	-ŋɛŋ	-ŋɛ
move, walk	*-di-	J.-j-	-jo	-di-/-ji-
move here, come	*di-ʌŋ	jaŋaŋ	-j-an-aŋ ‘always come’	-diyʌŋ
mud	*gw-ɔlɔ		gbɔlɔ	k-ʌʌlu
oil	*-hɪɓa	ibo	ibo	-hɪɓa
old	*-hɪn	agin	-ɪɪn	-hɪn
pass by	*-takʊ-		-takʊ	t-ɔɔ
pluck, extract	*-t̪uh	-thok		-t̪uh-(ʌk)
porcupine	*g-aga		gaga	k-aa
quiet	*-kwak (probably reduplicated)		kpakpak	kʊkwak
rain, sky	*-wɔtak	wätäk	ɔtak	-aaɽɘk
rat	*-hun	gun	g-un	-hun
ripe, ready	*-goju		-goju	-ʌdu
roast	*-ʌ-buc		-kobucʌŋ	-ʌbuh
sand	*jɔjɔ	jojo		jɔjɔ
satisfied/satiated, be	*-mɔn-		-ɔmɔnK. -mʌn
say, suggest	*-dɔh K.-dɔɔk			-dah
sauce	*-t̪an	a-tan	at̪an	-t̪an
send	*-hɪl-		-ʊʊlt̪akak	-hɪl
shadow, shade	*gɪ-lɪlɪ	gili	gɪlɪ	K. kɪ-lɪɪlɪ
shave	*-ʌgi	-agi	–ogi	-ʌyi-
sheep	*-aŋgal	kanggal	kaŋgal	-aŋal
shoe	*gw-aja	kpaja	gbʌjʌ	k-ʊda
sip	*-mʌm-		-mumu	-mʌmu
small, young	*-tɛŋ		-tɛ,	-tɛʔɛŋ
smooth	*mbɛlɛmbɛlɛd̪		mbelembelet̪	-mɘlɛɛmɘlɛy
snake	*-minok	-minok	minok	-mɨnʌ
sorghum	*-ɛh		gɛ	-ɛɛh
spear (type)	*gw-ɔlac	golaj	gbɔlac	k-ʌlɨh
step on	*-t̪ʌb-		-t̪ʌbot̪ʌŋ	-t̪ɘb-
straight	*-tɛh		-te	-tɛh
strip off	*-mɔcɔr		-mɔcɔr	-mɔcɔr
sugarcane	*g-ogih		gogi	-ɨɨh
sun	*-ne(e)	gine	gənɛ	ki-nee
tail feather	*dɪkɔŋ		dɪkɔŋ	-dukwʌŋ
take (something offered)	*-gʊt-ɪ	-giti		-wʊtɪ/-kʊtɪ
tamarind	*gwa	gbak	gbʌ	kwaa
tell	*-a-t̪a-	-a-tan-		-t̪a
testicle	*-lɔlɔd̪		lolot̪	-lɔlɔy
thin	*-ra(ʔ)araɲ		rʌɾʌɲ	-raʔarn
think	*diŋdiŋ		diŋdiŋ	dindiŋ
tick	*-bVbVc		bʊbʊc	-babah
throw	*-tʊ(w)-	-a-to		-tʊw-a
tongue	*-laŋɛd̪	lenget	laŋɛt̪̪	-lʌŋiid̪/-lʌŋiiy
tooth	*gɪ-lɛd̪	gelet	gəlɛt̪	c-ɪlɛy
touch, feel	*-dɔk-	-dhoki	-dɔkɪ	-da(ak)-
wash, clean	*-(k)am	-kamak	kambak	-ama-
weed, clean (verb)	*-ɔha		gbɔɔ	-ɔha
weeding (noun)	*gw-ɔha	ko		k-ɔha
wide	*-pʊl		-fʊl	-pʊlʊŋ
woman	*g-ogunen	-kogunen	gogunen	k-ʌhunen
yawn	*-ma(a)m-		-mamak	-maamʊ
yesterday	*kawlɔ	kawlo		kulʌ

References

• Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019. Reconstructing Katloid and deconstructing Kordofanian. In: Schneider-Blum et al. (eds.): Nuba Mountain Languages Studies 3. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.