Appendix:Proto-Kongo reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Kongo (Proto-Kikongo) reconstructions is from Goes (2016).
Goes (2016)[edit]
BLR (Bantu Lexical Reconstruction) numbers are also given for each Proto-Kikongo reconstruction, as Proto-Kikongo is a descendant of Proto-Bantu.
| English gloss | Proto-Kikongo | BLR number |
|---|---|---|
| divide, give away | *-gàb- | 1274 |
| divide | *-gàbʊd- | 1275 |
| tie up | *-gàng- | 1331 |
| egg | *-gí | 1368 |
| bellows | *-gʊ̀bà | 1476 |
| spear | *-gòngá | 1448 |
| kidney | *-pígò | 2568 |
| walk, go | *-gènd | 1362 |
| cook, boil | *-dàmb- | 842 |
| follow | *-dànd- | 853 |
| finger | *-démbó | 923 |
| fish with line | *-dób- | 1088 |
| vomit | *-dʊ́k- | 1179 |
| stone | *tádè | 2726 |
| path | *-jìdá | 1594 |
| weep | *-dìd | 959 |
| finger-nail, toe-nail, claw | *-jádà | 1558 |
| bitter, sour, sharp, fierce | *-kádì | 1667 |
| tail | *-kídà | 1793 |
| death | *-kúídì | 2102 |
| birdlime | *-dìmbò | 985 |
| weep, shout, wail | *-dìd | 959 |
| tongue | *-dɪmi | 973 |
| eat | *-dyá | 944 |
| tread | *-dɪat | 948 |
| puff-adder | *-pɪdɪ | 2508 |
| francolin | *-kʊadɪ | 1972 |
| bitterness | *-dʊdi | 1166 |
| rule over, govern | *-biad | 166 |
| boil up | *-bìd | 176 |
| be ill | *-béed | 119 |
| begin | *-bádɪk | 23 |
| begin | *-bánd | 88 |
| breast | *-béénè | 147 |
| man | *-bàkàdà | 70 |
| announce, announce a deatyh | *-bík- | 198 |
| stop, shut eyes | *-dibɪkɪd- | 1024 |
| to know | *-jíjab | 6207 |
| glitter | *-bèng | 153 |
| man | *-bàkàda | 70 |
| breast | *-béénè | 147 |
| arm | *-bókò | 260 |
| door | *bédò | 135 |
| to sweep | *-kómb- | 1919 |
| adult; senior; elder; principal; big; old; mature | *-kʊ́dʊ́- | 2003 |
| navel | *-kʊmba | ? |
| announce, announce a death | *-bík- | 198 |
| boil up, bubble up | *-tòk- | 2967 |
| knife bag, basket | *-kʊ́tʊ̀ | 2083 |
| eyelash | *-kongɪ | 10015 |
| dance, play | *-kín- | 1805 |
| red pepper | *-cefu | 10014 |
| monkey | *-kímà | 1798 |
| woman | *-káíntʊ̀ | 9300 |
| tree | *-tí | 2881 |
| fear, run away | *-tím- | 2899 |
| heart | *-tímà | 2895 |
| to stand | *-tédam- | 2816 |
| five | *-táànò | 2768 |
| buttock, rear part; back | *-tákò | 2741 |
| set trap | *-támb- | 2759 |
| boil up, bubble up | *-tòk- | 2967 |
| put through; thread or string; plait; sew; tie up; build; close (in) | *-tʊ́ng- | ? |
| to come from | *-tʊ́ʊk- | 3052 |
| to cultivate | *-vááta- | ? |
| bear (child); bear (fruit) | *-bʊ́t- | 346 |
| to stand | *-tédam- | 2816 |
| burn (intr) | *-pí- | 2491 |
| bone | *-pìcí | 2506 |
| give | *-páan- | 2345 |
| breath, rest | *-pʊ́ʊm- | 2647 |
| slave | *-pìkà | 2513 |
| pound, stamp, beat, forge | *-pònd- | 2607 |
| kidney | *-pígò | 2568 |
| hide, cover | *-pic | 2563 |
| press, squeeze | *-pin- | 2527 |
| paddle | *-kapi- | 2725 |
| root, base of tree trunk, banana-tree | *-tina | 2926 |
| push, push back | *-tind- | 2933 |
| bow-string; tendon, vein | *-tinga | 2941 |
| nape of neck; neck; occiput | *-koti | 1963 |
| one | *-moti | 2212 |
| neck; nape; voice | *-kingo | 1845 |
| smoke | *-jiki | 3442 |
| swell | *-bimb | 240 |
| thief | *-jibi | 3396 |
| turn round, tr./intr.; wind round, wrap up | *-ding- | 1062 |
| bury | *-diɪk | 1044 |
| fish, animal | *-bidi | 6135 |
| taboo | *-gida | 1397 |
| resemble each other | *-puan- | 2670 |
| foam | *-pudo- | 2677 |
| flour | *-pupu | 5123 |
| teach; punish; accuse | *-tund | 3022 |
| night | *-tukʊ | 3005 |
| red pepper | *-ketu | 10014 |
| to die | *-ku- | 2089 |
| to kneel | *-kukam | 2111 |
| to chew | *-takun- | 2742 |
| rain | *-buda | 368 |
| abdomen; pregnancy | *-bumo | 375 |
| hippopotamus | *-gʊbu | 1480 |
| take off (clothes) | *-duʊd | 1241 |
| roar, rumble (?) | *-dum | 1256 |
| beard; chin | *-dedu | 897 |
| tortoise | *-kʊdu | 2015 |
| hippopotamus | *-gubʊ | 1532 |
| be rotten | *-gund | 1542 |
References[edit]
- Goes, Heidi. 2016. Proto-Kikongo segmental phonology. (February 29, 2016 version.) ACAL 47, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, March 23-26, 2016.